CRUISE REPORT
LUCKY STRIKE / ALYIN EXPEDITION
R/V ATLANTIS II
129
LEG 6
May 27 - June 3, 1993
Technical Report No. LDEO-93-5
LAMONT-DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY
OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
PALISADES, NEW YORK 10964
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2020 with funding from
Columbia University Libraries
https://archive.org/details/luckystrikealvinOOunse
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page . i
Insert . ii
Table of Contents . iii
Participants . vi
INTRODUCTION . 1
DIVE PROGRAM . 4
Introduction . 4
Navigation for Lucky Strike Dives . 5
Alvin Dive 2602/3 . 7
Dive Plan . 7
Dive Summary . 8
Dive Map . 9
Station Summary . 10
Alvin Dive 2604 . 11
Dive Plan . 11
Dive Summary . 12
Dive Map . 13
Station Summary . 14
Alvin Dive 2605 . 15
Dive Plan . 15
Dive Summary . 16
Dive Map . 18
Station Summary . 19
Alvin Dive 2606 . 20
Dive Plan . 20
Dive Summary . 21
Dive Map . 24
Station Summary . 25
Alvin Dive 2607 . 26
Dive Plan . 26
Dive Summary . 27
Dive Map . 28
IV
Station Summary . 29
Alvin Dive 2608 . 30
Dive Plan . 30
Dive Summary . 31
Dive Map . 32
Schematic Geological Map . 33
Station Summary . 34
Alvin Dive Station Map . 35
NIGHT OPERATIONS . 36
Dredge, Rock Core, and Free Fall Core . 36
Camera Tow . 37
Locations . 38
Rock sample location maps . 40
SHIPBOARD RESULTS . 42
Biology . 42
Hydrothermal Fluids . 44
CTD Report . 47
Time-Lapse Temperature Probes . 48
DATA CATALOGS . 52
Biological Inventory . 52
Sulfide Samples . 61
Basalt Inventory . 66
Alvin Samples . 66
Dredge Samples . 67
Rock Core Samples . 68
Water Samples . 69
Gas Samples . 70
UNOLS CRUISE REPORT . 71
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 73
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Transponder information . 74
Appendix 2 . Alvin Dive Transcripts
Alvin Dive 2602/3 . 76
Alvin Dive 2604 . 92
V
Alvin Dive 2605 . 115
Alvin Dive 2606 . 134
Alvin Dive 2607 . 148
Alvin Dive 2608 . 151
Appendix 3. Dredge Log . 166
Appendix 4. Rock Core and Free Fall Core Log . 168
Appendix 5. Camera Log . 171
Addendum. Destination Lucky Strike, Newsweek Magazine
LUCKY STRIKE EXPEDITION
37°N 32® W MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE
ATLANTIS II - ALVIN
27 May - 4 June, 1993
Scientific Party:
C. Langmuir1 - Chief Scientist, J.L. Charlou2, D. Colodner1, S. Corey3, 1. Costa4, D.
Desbruyeres2, D. Desonie1, T. Emerson5, D. Fomari6, Y. Fouquet2, S. Humphries6, A.
Fiala-M6dioni7, L. Saldanha4, R. Sours-Page1, M. Thatcher1, M. Tivey6, C. Van Dover6,
K. Von Damm8, K. Wiese9, C. Wilson10
1 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
2IFREMER BP70 29263, Plouzane, Brest, France
3 Department of Geology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
4 Departamento de Geologia > University of Lisbon , Edificio C2, Piso 5, Campo Grande
1700 Lisbon, Portugal
5 Newsweek Magazine, 444 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022, USA
^Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
1Universite P. M. Curie, Observatoire Oceanologique de Banyuls, CNRS UA 117,
F -66650 Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
%Dept. Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-
3589 USA
9USGS, 345 Middlefield Rd„ MS 999, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
10 College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, (Ocean. Admin. Bldg. #104), Oregon
State University, Corvallis OR 97331-5503, USA
1
INTRODUCTION
The Lucky Strike Expedition (Atlantis II 129-6) was an outgrowth of work carried
out under the FARA (French American Ridge Atlantic) project for the study of the mid-
Atlantic Ridge between 15° and 40°N. A primary aim of the FARA project was to identify
new hydrothermal sites on the mid- Atlantic Ridge, with special interest in sites that were at
different depths or in different geological environments than the two previously known
vent sites, TAG (26°N) and Snakepit (23°N). The FAZAR Expedition, carried out in the
fall of 1992, was designed to identify recently volcanically active ridge segments that might
also be the sites of hydrothermal activity, with the idea that later expeditions could carry out
the detailed surveys necessary to discover specific hydrothermal vent sites. Luck played a
role; a dredge performed during the FAZAR Expedition recovered sulfides and live
hydrothermal vent animals, including mussels and shrimp. Because the location of the
hydrothermal activity was then known to within a kilometer or so (the error associated with
the location of the dredge behind the ship) a submersible program was needed to precisely
locate and sample the site. The Lucky Strike Expedition consisted of six dives fit into the
already determined schedule for Alvin/Atlantis H The aims of the expedition were to
precisely locate the vent site and to determine its extent, to describe its geological setting,
and to allow the first sampling of fluids, organisms, basalts, and sulfides. These studies
have set the stage for a more extensive diving program using the French submersible
Nautile to be carried out in 1994.
In order to accomplish these interdisciplinary objectives in a short program, a large
scientific party was required. In the series of six dives we were able to find seven different
vent locations, extending over approximately one kilometer along the sea floor. This vent
field is made up of numerous individual sites with quite different manifestations of their
hydrothermal activity, ranging from black smokers to flanges. We believe that there are
many more individual sites to be found, since each dive that covered new territory
discovered new sites. Basalt, sulfide, water and biological samples were recovered from
most of the newly discovered vents. All of the sample types were markedly different from
those found at other hydrothermal vent sites on the mid- Atlantic Ridge. In particular, the
entire biological system, the organisms observed and not observed at the site, their relative
abundances, and their interrelationships, were very different from any other known
hydrothermal vent community.
2
The Lucky Strike site has many advantages for scientific study over the other
known Atlantic hydrothermal vent sites:
(1) It is located in shallow water, at about half the depth of previously known sites,
leading to different physical conditions both for the hydrothermal fluids and the life that is
supported by them. Comparison with the other deeper Atlantic vents provides a natural
experiment of the effect of depth (pressure) on the physical, chemical and biological
features of hydrothermal vents sites.
(2) It is located on relatively enriched basaltic crust. The two other Atlantic sites
are located on crust that has very low concentrations of many elements, such as Ba, K, Rb,
and Pb. The basaltic substrate for the Lucky Strike site is enriched in those elements, thus
providing the opportunity to investigate the effect of differences in the chemical
composition of the basaltic host on water chemistry, sulfides composition, and animal
communities.
(3) It is in a different geological setting than other Atlantic sites, located on top of a
large seamount in the center of a broad and long ridge segment.
(4) It has marked logistical advantages. The site is only thirty hours from the
nearest port, Ponta Delgada, Azores, making it easy to investigate repeatedly at relatively
low cost. This has particular importance because of the long term objective of the global
ocean ridge scientific community to establish undersea volcanic observatories for
monitoring, in detail and over significant periods of time, volcanic and hydrothermal
systems, similar to the work of the Hawaii Volcano Observatory on land. Such a natural
laboratory site is best situated near a port, preferably in moderately shallow water. This
site is also in Portugese (and hence EEC) waters, which adds interest and importance for
the European scientific community.
Preliminary results from the shipboard operations are presented in this report.
32' I7U
32’ 16U
32* 1 5W
3
C 0
CRUISE A I 27
LUCKY STRIKE VENT AREA
contour interval = 10 meters
ntains actual and calculated data
rtERCAT0R/WCS-«4 - Seal*1 1*14002 4t 032 OO-OOON 1240. 00 1 *> . /4a« ■ )
NECOfi/uel - Oe a a a Mapping . . CaAt.r - l2-f1A»-l993
Figure 1. Map showing Lucky Strike Seamount with its sediment covered summit basin
and three summit cones.
DIVE PROGRAM
4
INTRODUCTION
Our primary objective on the Lucky Strike Expedition was to find an active
hydrothermal vent site. Although we had the dredge track from FAZAR that had crossed
the site, we did not know where along that track the site was located, nor did we know the
exact location of the dredge behind the ship. Furthermore, the small hydrothermal signal
detected with the ZAPS sled system on FAZAR (see LDEO-92-3) led us to suspect that the
total hydrothermal site might be small in size, perhaps only one location of a few chimneys
and, consequently, might not be easy to find. Because the sulfides and animals recovered
during FAZAR had appeared at the top of a rather full dredge, we also suspected that the
site was near the end of the dredge track, which was the top of the eastern summit cone of
the Lucky Strike Seamount, where there had been several "bites".
Our first dive was carried out without the best available navigation and because of
technical problems was relatively short. We crossed the summit basin of the Lucky Strike
Seamount and surveyed the top of the eastern cone. The summit basin had almost 100%
sediment cover and no indication of volcanism or faults; the summit of the eastern cone had
fresher lavas with little sediment cover. On the second dive we surveyed the summit of the
cone further and found no indication of hydrothermal activity so we began to carry out
systematic north-south tracks down the valleys between the volcanic ridges that make up
the eastern cone. It was in the base of one of these valleys that the first vent site was
found. Each subsequent dive then had the objective of obtaining sufficient samples from
known sites, and exploring unknown territory for additional sites. Initally the dives
explored the same N-S feature in which the first site was found further to the south, leading
to the discovery of six additional sites. On the final dive, which explored outside the N-S
trend, additional vent sites were found as well.
Because of the interdisciplinary nature of our scientific objectives and because
French investigators needed see the site to have the information necessary to plan their
upcoming Nautile dive program, we decided to have a different dive team on each dive.
This allowed us to collect a wide variety of water, rock and biological samples and have
descriptions of the vent site from a number of scientific perspectives.
5
NAVIGATION FOR LUCKY STRIKE DIVES (May 29-June 3, 1993)
Two Benthos TR6000 transponders were deployed in the field area to
provide bottom-moored acoustic navigation for the dive program. On
arrival at the field area on May 29, two (2) transponders were deployed
prior to sub. launch and the crude deployment fixes, based on ships' GPS
position, were used as inputs into the navigation file for the first dive.
Triangulation surveys to precisely locate each transponder were carried
out following the first dive using continuous GPS ship navigation and
iterative travel-times between the ship and the transponders from
positions along three azimuths from each transponder. Because of the
relatively small size of the field area a single baseline (roughly oriented N-
S) was established between the two transponders which were deployed on
the summit of the western and southern cones. Transponder information
is provided in the following Table. RMS errors in fixing the transponder
position were 4.74m for A and 2.83m for C.
Xponder
Frequency
Latitude
Longitude
Depth
A
13.0kHz
37° 18.015’N
32°16.952’W
1410m
C
11.0kHz
37° 17.116’N
32°16.900’W
1391m
The first dive (D2602/3) had no in-hull navigation but ACNAV
surface ship navigation was acquired by recording the travel times
between the ship, sub., and transponders; those data were replayed post¬
dive using the corrected surveyed positions of the transponders on the
seafloor. All other dive in Lucky Strike had in-hull transponder
navigation. Navigation data files were edited to remove bad fixes and
plotted as overlays on Seabeam contour maps which were used by divers
to reoccupy sampling sites and expand observational coverage by
traversing parallel to previous dive tracks. Errors in navigation based on
iterative fixes while sitting on the seafloor during various stations are ~4-
6m (see attached example plot from Dive 2605). In all cases divers were
able to reoccupy key sampling sites near various hydrothermal vents using
x/y coordinates from previous dives and vectoring Alvin to those points
based on the in-hull navigation.
Navigation During Station #1 Dive 2605
■ . i
Figure 2. Positions and errors from edited navigation data files for Station #1 of Dive 2605
as an example of navigation used on Lucky Strike Expedition.
DIVE PLAN
ALVIN DIVE# 2602/3
DATE: 29 May 1993 Saturday
PILOT: BOB GRIEVE
PORT OBSERVER DAN FORNARI
STBD OBSERVER CHARLIE LANGMUIR
DIVE OBJECTIVES
TO FIND THE HYDROTHERMAL SITE. WHILE SEARCHING WE
WILL MAKE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, COLLECT BASALT
SAMPLES AND TWO SEDIMENT CORES. IF WE FIND THE SITE, WE
WILL TRY TO DETERMINE ITS SIZE, AND WILL COLLECT WATER,
SULFIDE AND ANIMAL SAMPLES.
START POSITION: 37<> 17.45'N 32oi6.9'W DEPTH 1730m
During the dive we will follow a course of about 085 heading
towards 37° 17.61'N 32° 16.26., crossing the basin and climbing the
eastern summit (minimum depth about 1580m). We will then carry
out a grid of closely spaced north-south lines, each about 600m long,
to cover as completely as possible the summit of the volcano.
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35 mm and video cameras
bio box
4 pairs water sampling bottles
2 push cores
SPECIAL ITEMS
During the dive we want to survey in the transponders, make a
careful SeaBeam map of the summit region, and determine the
effective navigation limits so we can determine where boomerang
coring can take place during dives.
Dive 2602/3 Summary
The purpose of this dive was to conduct a reconnaissance traverse
from the basin between the 3 cones and continuing on the southwestern
flank and summit of the eastern cone which was sampled by Dredge 15 of
the Fazar Cruise. At -200 m the dive had to be aborted due to ground
problems in the battery sensor cable, however, the sub. was repaired and
redeployed within -1 hour and we descended to the northeastern portion
of the basin, landing at a depth of 1706 m in a heavily sedimented covered
seafloor with occasional rock outcrops and talus. Th outcrops lack well-
defined extrusive shapes and no glassy rinds or crusts were observed. A
sample of one outcrop was taken near the landing site (Sta.#l). We then
proceeded due east, up the western slope of the eastern cone and onto the
summit area traversing a series of ridges, the slopes of which range
between 40° to 70° with less-steep interveening benches. The seafloor is
largely covered with beige pelagic carbonate with variable amounts of
talus (fist sized up to ~lm) and outcropping volcanic rock much of which
lacks good pillow lava morphology and none of which have any visible
glass (as reflections from the sub.’s lights). Several samples of outcropping
basalt were recovered at various sites along the traverse up the west flank
of the cone and from the crests of two ridges on the summit. The
dominant morphology of the west flank and summit consists of a series of
subparallel ridges and troughs which trend -010°-030°. The ridges are
narrow along their crests, often only -5 m wide, such that each observer
could look down opposite slopes of a ridge. The wavelength of the
morphology is -70 m and the ridge heights are -15-20 m. More well-
formed pillow and lava bolster-shapes are present on the crests of the
ridges, while the slopes have more sediment and talus. Several small
slump scars were observed on the flank of one ridge. In a few areas in one
valley between two ridges a distinctive shell lag-deposit (brownish to tan
broken shells) was observed but no apparent source was located.
No flat summit region is present on the eastern cone, despite its
being mapped as such by Seabeam. Because the wavelength of the ridge
and valley topography is <100m the features are smaller than the acoustic
footprint of the sonar system and hence it interpreted the tops of the
ridges as a relatively flat area, ignoring the intervening -15 m deep
valleys. Several of the ridges traversed looked like they were
constructional features or pillow walls built over eruptive fissures. Other
ridges appeared to have had more tectonic influence that disrupted the
constructional terrane and created near-vertical slopes with extensive
broken pillow outcrops.
We were able to make 2 full traverses north and south along ridges
at the eastern and central area of the summit but no hydrothermal vents
were found. The dive was terminated early during a northerly traverse up
one of the valleys, due to loss of side thrusters and inability to manuever
the sub.
32* 17W
32’ 1 6W
37’ I SM
37’ i
37’ 1 SM
37’ | Jti
32’ i 7W
32’ 1 6 a
Figure 3.
CRUISE A129L6
Dive #2603 ALVIN track
actual ana c a I c u
ated revenged data
With a o rn o o t h function
of '* 2 ''''
Mf.RCATOR 'WC3-8.1
5t ? i e
I * 14602 at 037 CC.OCCf!
03- JJN- I 09
(2^0.00, n . -'is
SUMMARY OF STATIONS AND DATA FROM ALVIN DIVES AT LUCKY STRIKE
10
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s
ro
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o
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DIVE PLAN
ALVIN DIVE# 2604
DATE: 30 May 1993 Saturday
PILOT: DUDLEY FOSTER
PORT OBSERVER SUSAN HUMPHRIS
STBD OBSERVER CHARLIE LANGMUIR
DIVE OBJECTIVES
TO FIND THE HYDROTHERMAL SITE. WHILE SEARCHING WE
WILL MAKE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, COLLECT BASALT
SAMPLES AND TWO SEDIMENT CORES. IF WE FIND THE SITE, WE
WILL TRY TO DETERMINE ITS SIZE, AND WILL COLLECT WATER,
SULFIDE AND ANIMAL SAMPLES.
START POSITION: 37<> 17.3'N 32<U6.9'W DEPTH 1730m
During the dive we will follow a course of about 085 heading
towards 37° 17.61'N 32° 16.26., crossing the basin and climbing the
eastern summit (minimum depth about 1580m). We will then carry
out a grid of closely spaced north-south lines, each about 600m long,
to cover as completely as possible the summit of the volcano.
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35 mm and video cameras
bio box
4 pairs water sampling bottles
2 push cores
Three markers
Cindy’s OPUS
One glass paperweight
Dan's time lapse T probes
SPECIAL ITEMS
During the dive we will want to attempt two boomerang cores
in the "safe zone."
ALVIN DIVE 2604 - DIVE SUMMARY
30 May 1993
Port Observer : S. Humphris Pilot: D. Foster
Starboard Observer C. Langmuir
Dive Objective: Continue the search for the hydrothermal area, while also making
geological observations of the structure and morphology of the seamount
The dive began at the SW comer of the seamount in an Alvin water depth of 1691m and
traversed the SSW slope towards the summit This area was characterized by narrow ridges of
basaltic pillows and cobbles with talus of basaltic fragments in the intervening valleys. All of
the basalts appeared old, showing no glass or surface ornamentation. Sediment cover was
moderate-heavy in the valleys, with most of the floor being covered, and a light (up to 1 cm)
dusting on the basaltic fragments. The sediment appeared to be pelagic, with common large (up
to 2 cm) broken bivalve fragments, as well as cone-shaped pteropod tests. From about 1686 -
1644 m (Alvin depths), the side of the seamount rose gradually and was comprised mostly of
badly-sorted talus of basaltic pillow fragments, many with dead coral attached to them.
Several crossings of the summit were made. This area has a rough topography, and
consists of a series of very narrow ridges (typically only 10- 15m wide) oriented at about 020-
030°, parallel to the orientation of the ridge axis. These appear to be constructional features
composed of broken up basaltic lava flows, which appear relatively old. No fresh basalts were
observed throughout the dive. In some areas, the bases of these ridges have the appearance of a
scree slope, with patches of basaltic sand and gravel in the sediment cover. Dead coral is
abundant on the tops of the ridges, and the dominant live organisms are hydrozoans. These
ridges are separated by narrow valleys with steep (~60°) sides, on which pillows outcrop
through a light sediment cover. Talus piles of badly sorted fragments have accumulated at the
base of the walls. The valleys are about 15- 20m deep with quite narrow (~15-20m) floors that
have a moderate-heavy sediment cover. The major variations in the terrain are the relative
proportions of basaltic fragments of various sizes. In some areas, large elongate pillow lavas
(up to l-2m long) are prevalent, while in other areas, the basalt fragments are small, ranging
from a few cms to up to 0.5m. The rocks typically have a light dusting of sediment, while the
interstices are filled with pelagic sediment
The western side of the seamount consists of a series of NNE-SSW steps, typically with
steep eastern walls, with some having small rises on their western sides. The depths of the
valley floors increase in a series of steps from north to south within the region of the survey,
typically from about 1565m to over 1600m at the southern extents of the dive track.
An active hydrothermal site was discovered at STT/^N 32°16.49'W at a depth of 1635m
on the east wall of one of the valleys on the west side of the seamount The hydrothermal
deposit is located on top of the typical local terrain of pillow fragments and moderate sediment
cover, and is about 5m in diameter and about 2-3 m high. It consists of a small mound with
several flanges, and an inactive, plugged chimney about l-2m tall on its summit Clear,
shimmering water is spilling out around the edges of the flanges, and a temperature
measurement under one flange \vas 152. 1°C (156.1°C when corrected for ambient bottom water
temperature). Samples of water and the flange material were collected. On top of the flanges,
there are a few small inactive chimneys, and a sample of these sulfides was collected. In
addition, the tops of the flanges and the chimney walls are covered with small mussels, ranging
in size from a few mm to about 4 cm. These are the most abundant organism at this site and,
around the bottom of the mound, there is a ring of dead mussel shells. In addition, there are a
few shrimp with reflective patches, and some sea anemones — no crabs were observed. An
occasional pink sea urchin was also seen on top of the flanges near the vent fluids.
32* 17W
32* 16W
37‘ )SH
37’ 1 7U
37’ i8N i
37’ 1 7f.j
32’ 17W
Figure 4.
CRUISE' A129L6
Dive #2604 ALVIN track
a c t u a i and caiculated renerged data
With a smooth function of "2'
32’ i 6 VI
MLRCATCR/Wr.S-84
Sc .lie
I i 14602 :t Oi7 CC.CCCH
QJ- JJN-100
(2*0. CC, n./j<
SUMMARY OF STATIONS AND DATA FROM ALVIN DIVES AT LUCKY STRIKE
14
I
DIVE PLAN
ALVIN DIVE# 2605
DATE: 31 May 1993 Monday
PILOT: PAT HICKEY
PORT OBSERVER Daniel Desbruyeres
STBD OBSERVER Debra Colodner
DIVE OBJECTIVES
Return to the hydrothermal site. Carefully map the extent of
the site and its hydrothermal and biological characteristics. Sample
water and animals, and possibly sulfides if the sulfide team is
trusting. Collect 2-3 basalts from around the site. Take push cores
from sediments around the site. Deploy the glass paperweight and
take a picture of it. On the basis of the temperature data, choose
sites to deploy time lapse T probes. After the work at the site is
completed, continue to survey the area to examine the geological
setting of the site, and to determine if there may be other sites
nearby.
START POSITION: 37° 17. 'N 32° 16. 'W Depth 1630m
x= y=
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35mm and video cameras
bio boxes
4 pairs water sampling bottles
1 Lupton Gas Tight bottle (tethered) (15 lbs.)
2 Kadko toasters
2 push cores
Three markers
One glass paperweight
Dan's time lapse T probes
Fish Trap
Make sure hand-held video batteries are charged!
SPECIAL ITEMS
During the dive we will want to attempt two boomerang cores
in the "safe zone."
Dive 2605 Summary
page 1 of2
Dive : Alvin #2605
Date : 31 May 1993 Monday
Pilot : Pat Hickey
Port Observer : Daniel Desbruveres
Starboard Observer : fc)ebra Colodner ]
Dive Alvin # 2605 was devoted to the study of the formedy discovered site (Marker# 1)
( 1) to map the extent of the site and biological communities,
(2) to sample water, animals and sulfide,
(3) to record the temperature where the main populations of animals are living
(4) to deploy two temperature recorder (hi and lo) and
(5) to determine if there is other sites nearby.
At the site "Marker# P : The site consist of flanged (Plagoda like) sulfide cm basalts
with above tall "dead" smokers.
( 1) The site was maped using frames of the Marquest Camera to be analyze later.
(2a) Water (3 x 1 pair) was sampled under the inferior flange, in a pool where we
measured a temperature of 197°C and where further long term recording display a
constant temperature of 204°C (Dan Fbman data).
(2b) The biological community is dominated by a mozaic of small mussel beds which
individual size looks l/4m2 and which looks very heterogeneous speaking of length
distribution. The maximum size of mussels is rather short (40-50mm) and the high frequency
of young (i.e. small) individuals is surprising as compared to other vent sites in the world
ocean. An other prominent component of the fauna is a small population (tens) of sea-urchin
distributed at the inner periphery of the vent Associated fauna is made of free and symbiotic
scale worms (polynoid polychaetous annelids) and shnmps belonging to the genus Chorocaris
(two species according to Van Dover). Samples of the fauna were made using a net in the upper
part of the lower flange and mussel bed part was also sampled from sulfide. Close up video
was performed with the arm camera to describe the faunal distribution. A fish belonging to
Chimeridae was caugth with the net at the periphery of vent. An other fish belonging to
Ophididae is living close to a mussel bed under a flange (without visible shimmering water).
According to Saldanha, this fish was belonging to the same species than the cme caugth during
the dive # 2606.
(2c) Two pieces of sulfide were sampled: the first from the flange, the second from top of
the spire situated a the center of the mound. A chunk of basalt was also sampled at the base of
the site.
(3) Mussel bed temperature range from 5° to 7°C, when ambient is 4.6°C. Urchin are
located when temperature exceed by 0.2°C ambient to a maximum of 5.41°C (only few
measurements).
(4) Fomari's recorder were deployed one under the flange with probe bented to be
inside the "pool" (Hi) when low probe was situated inside the turbulent mixing area at the edge
of the flange. B-. A small site was located 100m SSW of the marker # 1 it is a small
shimmering water vent (no temperature measurement) with few clumps of mussels inside a
large area or extinct sulfide (broken chimneys) with some patches displaying green copper
coloration. The marker # 2 was deployed. A fragment of oxidized sulfide was sampled C- 30 m
ENE of the marker # 2 a greater site was located on the slope of a talus: It is coumpound of two
tall joint chimney which top one is extinct and which measure about eight meters. A small
smoker is still active at the middle of the smallest one. The venting fluid is clear and the
temperature is 192.5°C. Most of the surface of the small smoker is covered by a dense
population of mussels and a rather important population of shrimps (Chorocaris spp.). Mussel
.
Dive 2605 Summary
page 2 of2
beds are scarcer on the tall part of the edifice. The shimmering water looks going through the
mussels bed and temperature later recorded (dive # 2606) was 7 - 13°C.. The maricer # 3 was
deployed : a pair of Ti- syringes was operated at the active smoker and a spire of extinct
sulfide, atop the tall smoker, was sampled. Fish were located inside the scree at the bottom of
the smokers. Conclusion; The vent communities seen todays in the "Lucky Strike" area are
surprisingly simple. Dominated, by far, by one (?) species of mussel (to be confirmed), they
looks poorly diversified as compared to Pacific vent areas as well as on EPR, NEP than in
SW, BAB. They looks rather similar speaking of specific diversity than TAG or Snake Pit
assemblages. The presence of sea-urchin is rather unusual but reminds the occurence in
low temperature vent in North Fiji Basin of another echinoderm belonging to synaptid
holothurians. The quasi - absehce of cami vorous/scavengere animals (excepted very few
fishes) is a prominent feature : no Bythograeidl crab, no galatheid. Filter feeding organisms,
generally thriving at the edge erf- the vent areas are absent (serpulids or barnacles). No unusual
concentration of "usual" deep-sea fauna was seen at the exception of few Ashes (one Chimera
sp.... ). The size of the modiolids are also unusual : the size of the largest mussel does not
exceed usual shallow water Mytilids. Polynoids (scale worms) are rather frequent among the
mussel bed and also living as symbionts inside mussels. It will be rather interesting to
determine the metabolisms of symbiotic bacteria associated with mussel as well as the nature of
the gas contained in the fluid (methane vs. H2S). _ 1 One
brachyuran crab was seen during the next (# 2606) dive by the pilot who tried to capture it but
unsuccessfully. It (or a friend od it) was captured during dive # 2607. This individual clearly
belongs to Bythograeids.
32* 17VI
32* 16W
18
Figure 5.
CRUISE A129L6
Dive # 2 6 0 S ALVIN track
actual and calculated re^erged data
with a smooth function of 2 '
NCRCATCR/Wf.S-S4 - Scale
1 4602 at 037 CC.CCCM
0J-JUN-190
(27-0 .
SUMMARY OF STATIONS AND DATA FROM ALVIN DIVES AT LUCKY STRIKE
19
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DIVE PLAN
ALVIN DIVE# 2606
DATE: 1 June 1993 Tuesday
PILOT: BOB GRIEVE
PORT OBSERVER MEG TIVEY
STBD OBSERVER LUIZ SALDANHA
DIVE OBJECTIVES
We will begin the dive at the original site (now called Statue of Liberty), map the
area around the site, and sample sulfides and basalts. Take one gas tight water sample
where Debby shows Bob. Pick up fish trap and both T probes. (Deploy paperweight and
take a picture). Follow track to site two, where one push core and altered sulfide will be
sampled, and water temperature measured.. Then proceed to site three, deploy the fish
trap, take one pair and one gas tight water sample. Attempt to sample the top of the site,
take several sulfide samples and possibly one basalt sample. Take temperature
measurements among the mussels.
Continue to survey the region towards the south. This survey time should be able
to occupy at least one third of the total dive time. If new vents are found, sample any new
species that are observed, take water samples and sulfides.
START POSITION: Statue of Liberty Vent Site DEPTH 1630m
x 2228 y 2936
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35mm and video cameras
bio box
3 pairs water sampling bottles
2 Lupton Gas Tight bottles
CTD
2 push cores
Three markers
One glass paperweight
Fish trap
Net to catch fish
ESC Camera
SPECIAL ITEMS
During the dive we will want to attempt two boomerang cores in the "safe zone."
SUMMARY
ALVIN DIVE 2606
Date: 1 June 1993
Pilot:: Bob Grieve
Port Observer: Meg Tivey
Starboard Observer: Luiz Saldanha
We reached bottom approximately 200 m east of the marker 1 site, depth 1576
meters. We headed west at a heading of 260 to 270, moving downslope across a series of
thin ridges of moderately sedimented basalt and sedimented basins. The trend of the ridges
was roughly 020. As we approached the Statue of Liberty (marker 1) site the texture of the
basalt changed so that it was difficult to distinguish from old massive sulfide. From the
east all that can be seen of the vent site are the tops of two old spires. The ridge drops
steeply 2-3 m. Coming off the ridge over the vent site it is difficult to see the flanges
beneath. We came around to face the flanges, heading 110, depth 1637 meters. There was
a dense population of mussels of different sizes. We deployed the paperweight and took
video of it, took a gas tight water sample of fluid flowing out from under the flange
(measured temp was 183 max, temperature under the flange, measured by Dan's probe,
was 200C), took samples of the sulfide substrate between the two flanges (that the
paperweight was sitting on), a piece old flange, a piece of basalt talus that was lying under
the flange, a piece of sulfide talus, and a sea urchin that was on a sub-vertical side of a
boulder. Two more sea urchins were climbing a tall spire (which was barren of mussels) at
two different levels. We then recovered the two temperature probes and fish trap (which
was empty) that had been left on the previous dive (video of equipment prior to recovery
was taken using the handheld camera).
We left the Statue of Liberty site and headed up a 45° slope of basalt with a light
dusting of sediment. Looking back at the Statue of Liberty site all that can be seen is what
looks like basalt rubble and a white linear feature (the flanges). We drove parallel to (200),
and then up, a steep constructional wall of pillow forms with talus at the base and a light
coating of sediment. The top of the ridge is composed of basalt, but as we continued up
slope we came into sulfide talus, then 100% massive sulfide material. A fish of the genus
Chimaera was then observed. We approached the marker 3 (Sintra) site from the north,
%
where there is only a small amount of low temperature diffuse flow. We caught a large fish
(~60 cm; cf. Ophidiiformes), and sampled a piece of sulfide talus with atacamite on it, and
broke off a small piece of old sulfide. We then came around to the active side near marker
3, took gas tight (but "didn't hear it" fire) and water samples of the orifice sampled on the
previous dive (203 C), and then took a piece of that active spire. We checked the
temperature in the mussels near the smoker (8-13.7C), took a water and sulfide sample
from another active spire (207C), and scooped up some mussels and shrimp while trying
unsuccessfully to catch a crab. We then left the fish trap near the active flow. As we left
the marker 3 site we recovered the top of the inactive spire. At Sintra the mussel
populations were very dense, covering large areas with individuals of different sizes.
Shrimps were also abundant. Large white patches of bacteria were visible. Small snails
were observed by the pilot and they were present among the mussels (laboratory
observations).
We then headed 180 looking for new sites, going down an apron of massive
sulfide, and then up another slope of massive sulfide. When flying up in the water column
after coming off highs we could see some white patches below. At 1319 we came to
another sulfide spire with some active flow, and saw some old dead flanges. We
unsuccessfully tried to catch a greyish fish (cf. Moridae) that was in a cavity among
mussels. We then continued south over massive sulfide. We became less and less sure of
what the substrate beneath us was - basalt or sulfide - but then saw a few old spires. The
bottom then dropped 5 to 8 meters, sloping downward at an angle of 60 tp 70°. We came
down onto very old basalt , and took a sample. We proceeded south (200) over
sedimented basalt ridges and depressions trending roughly 180. We came up a steep wall
of heavily sedimented basalt, turned on the CTFM, saw ridges and one prominent peak 40
meters to the south. We flew toward it and found ourselves at a sulfide spire, depth
1684m. Two fishes were observed here, whitish in color and not a cantiform/zoarcid
shape, swimming with the head up. Another Chimaera was observed some minutes later.
%
There was some activity on the south side, and lots of mussels and bacteria. We flew over
and dropped down the shear wall of the sulfide spire which was 21 meters tall. The floor at
the base of the spire was dark brown and platey (not red like to the north), and there was
diffuse flow emanating from cracks, lined with small mussels and white bacteria. We
unsuccessfully attempted a push core, and took a sample of platey talus. We then
continued south, came off a ridge over heavily sedimented terrain, probably basalt. We
saw a large white patch ahead, with mussel shells and a small spire. We stopped at the 1
foot high spire that sat atop a a meter high hummock, venting grey smoke. The
temperature was 298C (Pico). The spire was fragile and was knocked over during fluid
sampling. The floor of the depression was all massive sulfide ( or at least not basalt). We
left marker 6 at the site, and continued south, immediately coming to another vent area,
never having left old small sulfide spires and platey material. This vent site had multiple
black smoker orifices and was a bit taller. We then turned and came upon a still bigger site.
All of these sites are lowlying on hummocky terrain relative to the spires to the north. We
continued south over a heavily sedimented area (some looked metalliferous), with lots of
rubbly material (it was not clear whether it was sulfide or basalt). The bottom then sloped
down gently into a heavily sedimented valley. The water became very cloudy. We then
came up onto a heavily sedimented basalt ridge and followed it (165) until we ran out of
power. We dropped weights, and headed up.
32’ 17W
32* 1 6W
37’ 1 SKI
37’ 1 7N
Figure 6.
CRUISE A129L6
Dive #2606 ALVIN track
actual and calculated remerged data
with a smooth function of *' 2 "
MGRCATCR/WGS-S4
5( lie
[.■14602 tit 037 CC.GCCM
03-JUN-100
(240 . 00 1 n . /Jf s . '
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26
DIVE PLAN
ALVIN DIVE# 2607
DATE: 2 June 1993 Wednesday
PILOT: DUDLEY FOSTER
PORT OBSERVER CINDY VAN DOVER
STBD OBSERVER TONY EMERSON
DIVE OBJECTIVES
The dive begins 100 meters west of the original site (now called Statue of Liberty).
Collect a basalt, and ascend the slope to the site. At this site: (1) Cindy slurps and looks
and takes T measurements; (2) Marquest images; (3) Still photo of the paperweight Go
up slope about 50m and follow a new track to sites two and three. At site two, take one
push core. At site three, collect the fish trap, and slurp. Is the slope between two and three
basalt, sulfide, or both?
Proceed to the four new sites. A basalt in the vicinity of the new sites should be
sampled. For water samples: Take one sample from the 298 degree site (where marker 6
is located), two from the black smoker(s), and save one for any new sites that are found,
unless a black smoker is greater than 345°. If it is, take all remaining samples there. If
possible, take a sulfide sample paired with the fluid samples.
We will deploy two long term temperature probes. The high temperature one
should be hung in the black smoker. The low temperature probe will be left where Cindy
designates. Note the two choices of low temperatuer probes, one of which reads T only
above 15°C.
Some dead and live coral might be nice.
The aim is for these activities to take about half the bottom time. The remaining
time will be used to explore new terrain. A tour around the black smokers seems
important-- how extensive is this field? Does it fill the entire saddle region? A scoot up the
southern cone should lead to fresh basalt. Is there hydrothermal activity? We still have not
found the sulfides along the dredge 15 track, nor the fresh glass. Maybe follow the
contours around the southern cone to the nose that extends into the basin, then cross the
southern end of the basin along the dredge 15 track. If fresh glass is found, sample it! If
a fresh lava seems younger than sulfides, sample several separated portions of the flow.
START POSITION: 100m west of the Statue of Liberty Vent Site
DEPTH 1680m x2128 y 2936
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35mm and video cameras
bio box
4 pairs water sampling bottles
1 Lupton Gas Tight bottles
CTD
1 push core
Three markers
Slurp gun and lazy susan
ESC Camera
2 long term temperature sensors (to be left on bottom)
One fish trap will be picked up during the dive
27
DIVE SUMMARY
Dive 2607
Pilot: Dudley Foster
Port: Cindy Van Dover
Stbd: Tony Emerson
Vent 1 was approached from downslope over sedimented terrain with weathered outcrops and plate-like
crust. At Vent 1, a low-temperature HOBO probe was placed on a large (1.5 m max dimension) sulfide
flange in 6.2°C water. At vent 3, numerous specimens of the new species of vent shrimp, a few individuals
of a second shrimp species, 2 large white gastropods, a brachyuran crab, limpets and amphipods were
collected in a Lazy Susan slurp sample. Gastropod egg capsules resembling miniature Hershey's Kisses
were observed but not sampled. A push core of reddish ?metalliferous sediment was collected in this area.
From Vent 3, we flew above the bottom due west 100 m and began a southerly traverse over the bottom.
The first 100-150 m of this terrain was over sulfide terrain with occasional shell chaff and patchy areas of
activity, recognized by white bacterial mats, staining, and/or live mussels. The second 100-150 m was over
flat, plate-like, weathered, sediment- and shell chaff-dusted surface (=?sulfide). 321 °C temperatures were
measured at Eiffel Tower and large beds of mussels and other biota were observed. Water and sulfide
were collected at Mkr6. A second water/sulfide pair was collected at a low (1-2 m) black-smoker cone (296
C), where we also deployed the high-temperature HOBO probe and Mkr 7. The third water/sulfide pair was
collected at another low black-smoker cone (314°C) which was left unmarked. Surface weather conditions
forced us to leave the bottom early.
32* 17W
32’ 1 6W
37’ 1 8M i
37’ i 7N
Figure 7.
CRUISE A129L6
Dive #2607 ALVIN track
a c t u a i and calculated remerged data
with a smooth function of 2
MLRCATCR/WG5-&4 - Sc a i *
■1502 ot 0i7 CC . OCCM
C3-JJN-100
(240.CC.n- /Jj,.
Y OF STATIONS AND DATA FROM ALVIN DIVES AT LUCKY STRIKE
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29
DIVE PLAN
DATE:
PILOT:
PORT OBSERVER
STBD OBSERVER
DIVE OBJECTIVES
ALVIN DIVE# 2608
3 June 1993 Thursday
PAT HICKEY
Karen Von Damm
Yves Fouquet
The dive begins on the SW side of the central basin. The aims of this dive are to
survey much of the remaining terrain and determine the extent and nature of hydrothermal
activity, to sample the freshest basaltic substrate on which these deposits are built, and to
return to the black smokers so that Yves can observe them (and the T probe locations) and
so that additional water samples from them can be obtained, with sulfide samples at the
same spot. Any new sites will be sampled briefly; biological samples are required only if
there is new fauna.
START POSITION: x=1626 y=2590
The following way points will be useful references during the dive:
1.
x=1750
y=2590
2.
x=1750
y=2405
3.
x=1830
y=2200
4.
x=2295
y=2300
5.
x=2160
y=2380
Marker 7
6.
x=2186
y=2468
Eiffel Tower
7.
x=2100
y<2770
EQUIPMENT NEEDED
High and low temperature probes
Film for hand held 35mm and video cameras
bio box
4 pairs water sampling bottles
CTD
2 push cores
Three markers
ESC Camera
The OPUS frame will still be there, but without the pressure housings
SPECIAL ACTIVITIES
If the weather is OK, we will want to try two boomerang cores during the dive.
31
DIVE REPORT ALVIN DIVE # 2608
DIVE 6 , LUCKY STRIKE
PORT OBSERVER : K. von Dam, STBD :OBSERVER : Y. Fouquet, PILOT
:P. Hickey
3 June 1993.
DIVE OBJECTIVES :
The dive begins on the SW side of the central basin. The primary aim is to survey much of
the remaining terrain and determine the extent and nature of hydrothermal activity, and to
sample the freshest basaltic substrate on which these deposits are built. A subsidiary aim
will be to return to the black smokers so that Yves can observe them (and the T probe
location) and so that additional water samples from them can be obtained, with sulfide
samples at the same spot. Any new site will be samples briefly ; biological samples are
required only if there is new fauna.
SUMMARY REPORT (DIVE 2608)Yves Fouquet
The dive started at the SW side of the central basin. In this area basaltic pillows and lobate
lava are outcropping along steep scarps. This area is old and all lava, including on the scarp
have a sediment coverage. After this scarp we went south to reach the small volcanic apron
at a water depth of 1670m. Along this track the lava were highly brecciated, very few
outcrop were seen and the sediment coverage is important, except in recent canyon of talus
of lobate lava and pillows. Olong this track one small (lm high) old oxidised chimney was
seen. At the same place many low temperature hydrothermal deposits are also observed. A
second most important field of old low tempearure hydrothermal precipitates is located at
the top of the volcanic apron. They are made of Fe oxide crust at the surface of the
sediment. After this site we moved south towards the second apron at a water depth of
1600m. Some indication of hydrothermal oxides are observed on the sediment. Along this
track the same old broken lava, and some lava flows were seen. In one place in situ lava
(lobate lava and lava tubes) have a sediment coverage less important (less than 10%), but
no fresh glass was seen.
After this N-S track we moved eastward towards the hydrothermal site. This track was
made in the water (because going downslope) and very few observations were made. Some
old basalt with 50% sediment coverage were seen. We arrived at the south of the active site
in a basin with 100% sediment coverage. Then coming along the slope we have rapidly
found the sites near marker 7 were the long term temperature probe is deployed. Marker 4
was deployed on the first site we have sampled. We have sampled Hydrothermal water
and the corresponding chimneys (see list of water samples and of sulfides.) . At the base of
the first chimney and at the base of the Eiffel tower, slabs of indurated sediment were
sampled. They are constituted by basaltic gravel cemented by Silica, sulfides and Mn
oxides. We visited site with marker 6 to see the long term temperature probe.
The last part of the dive is a N-S track at the west of the dive 2609, to see the limit of the
hydrothermal field. Four small inactive and one active (low temperature diffusing water)
mounds are located at the NW of the active sites (see schematic geological map) and at the
end of the dive a high temperature field with black smokers (up to 328 C) was discovered
on the eastern side of the central depression.
32
CRUISE A129L6
Dive #2608 ALVIN track
actual and calculated r emerged data
with a o p o : t h function of " 2
Mf.RCAIOR/WC j-S'! - S» nc 10 4602 at 037 ZZ-ZZZK
04-JJN- ! 00
C2/ 0 . 00 . n • i s ,■ - '
LUCKY STRIKE ALVIN
DIVE 2608
P. Hickey, K. von Dam, Y. Fouquet
schematic geological map
3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300
brecciated basalt
with sediment coverage
brecciated basalt
non breccaited lava tubes
and pillow
Pelagic sediment
Hydrothermal sediment
Lava flow
+ Rock sample location,
* Hydrothermal water
sample location
inactive hydrothermal site
Active hydrothermal site
2500
Figure 9.
Inventory of Tapes & Films
2 copies Port Hi-8 video - 3 tapes total
35mm bow camera (port) 1 roll - 750 shots
35mm bow camera (stbd.) 1 roll - 200 shots
2 handheld 35mm rolls ( 1 port and 1 stbd)
35
Figure 10. Alvin Dive station map showing vent sites and station locations. Named vent
sites are indicated by an open diamond. The first digit of a dashed number is the last digit
of the dive number; the second digit of the dashed number is the station number (e.g. "6-5"
refers to dive 2605, station number 5).
Night Operations
36
Dredge, Rock Core and Free Fall Core
Dredging operations were performed as on the FAZAR expedition. For information
regarding the technique used see Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia
University Technical Report No. LDGO-92-3. On this expedition, four successful dredges
each recovered basalt, although glass was found on basalts in only one dredge. Sediments
were recovered in three of the dredges. Basalt samples were described and assigned a
type, some were chosen for sawing into hand samples and thin section billets. A dredge
sample log is found on page 67. On the final night of sampling, in very rough seas, DR05
was hung up on the bottom for 2.5 hours and eventually broke off. The dredge and all
samples in it were lost; the pinger was recovered. A dredge log is found in Appendix 3.
The rock coring technique used was also the same as on the FAZAR expedition
(LDGO-92-3). During Lucky Strike, the rock corer was deployed 24 times and returned
23 times. Glass or rock fragments were collected in 20 recoveries, sediment in 1 1. On the
final night of sampling, the rock core was lost when the weld connecting the wire to the
weighted can that forms the top of the rock core broke.
During the cruise we deployed and recovered four free fall boomerang cores. The
design used was greatly modified from the one designed by Analytical Services
Corporation used on FAZAR. In this design, concrete that had been poured into a mold to
fit the coring device was used as ballast. On impact with the bottom, a pin would open and
the ballast would be released. Each boomerang brought back sample, all four had glass or
rock fragments and sediment. A log of samples recovered by rock coring and free fall
coring is found on page 68. A rock core and free fall core log is found in Appendix 3.
37
Camera Tow
A towed camera system was available during the cruise to carry out remote
photographic observations around the Lucky Strike area during non-diving hours. The
system consisted of a galvanized, heavy duty steel frame, which is towed off 9/16" steel
dredge wire using a 10 ton swivel, that contained: one Benthos deep sea camera with 400'
35 mm film capacity, two 150 watt/sec Benthos strobes, three deep sea batteries for power
to camera and strobes, one 12 kHz pinger for altitude detection off bottom, and one self-
contained (power and recording) SeaBird CTD that recorded temperature, conductivity and
pressure. We added a self-contained time-lapse Hi-8 video camera which was being field
tested for a separate program to be conducted later in 1993 on the EPR crest at 9°50'N.
One ~6 hour camera tow was carried out during the evening of May 31-June 1
covering the area just west of the western and southern cones and the northern flank of the
southern cone. Because of heavy seas and difficulty in maneuvering the ship due to the
starboard-aft tow point for the trawl wire on the All, the camera track consisted of several
loops because the ship had to turn completely to starboard to keep off the trawl wire.
The camera was towed ~3-8m above the bottom based on reading the separation
between the direct (water) and reflected (bottom bounce) signal from the pinger off the 12
kHz Seabeam centerbeam recorder. After ~6 hours we encountered problems with the 12
kHz recorder and the pinger record could no longer be read reliably so it was decided to
terminate the lowering. A test strip of film from the lowering was developed and
established that the film had transported through the camera and the at the datachamber was
recording properly. The film is currendy enroute to WHOI for processing along with the
Alvin bow camera films. No video data was recorded due to problems with the
initialization of the recording interval in the cameras time-lapse mode of operation.
A second camera tow was planned for the evening of June 2, however, seas were
heavy and winds strong so it was decided that launching and recovering the camera would
be too risky, and that the heavy swell (10-12') would make following the bottom difficult.
Rock Core locations
38
Positions for rock corer given are mean between location of deployment and hit
RC No.
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W) Depth
RC No.
Latitude (N)
Longitude (W) Depth
Deg. Min.
Deg.
Min.
Meters
Deg. Min.
Deg.
Min.
Meters
RC01
37 17.930
32
16.525
1 748
RC16
37 9.680
32
20.125
2519
RC02
37 17.160
32
17.478
1823
RC17
37 9.668
32
20.183
2576
RC03
37 16.888
32
17.89
1840
RC18
37 16.210
32
18.708
191 1
RC04
37 17.590
32
17.722
1800
RC19
37 14.780
32
16.792
2106
RC05
37 18.510
32
17.523
1886
RC20
37 15.510
32
18.81
2060
RC06
37 16.650
32
18.441
1985
RC21
37 13.020
32
17.98
2259
RC07
37 16.930
32
18.25
1813
RC22
37 13.440
32
19.804
2308
RC08
37 18.280
32
18.157
1644
RC23
37 11.540
32
18.54
2425
RC09
37 18.960
32
18.133
1662
RC24
37 11.720
32
20.06
2384
RC10
37 19.890
32
17.627
1950
RC11
37 17.530
32
17.447
1850
Deployment position.
RC12
37 20.080
32
17.975
1810
FF01
37 17.604
32
15.512
RC13
37 14.710
32
19.02
2160
FF02
37 16.934
32
18.326
RC14
37 14.030
32
16.695
2171
FF03
37 17.139
32
16.757
RC15
37 11.570
32
19.407
2385
FF04
37 17.208
32
16.765
Dredge locations
39
No. Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Depth(m) Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Depth(m)
wire out wire out
On bottom position Off bottom position
DR01
37
37
17.72
17.93
32
32
16.65
16.74
1630
1702
37
37
17.95
17.72
32
32
16.95
17.25
1750
1630
DR02
37
17.37
32
16.814
37
16.77
32
16.899
1580
DR03
37
20.11
32
17.312
1980
37
19.51
32
17.302
2114
DR04
37
17.04
32
19.291
2090
37
16.84
32
19.324
2000
DR05
37
1 1 .82
32
20.967
2380 never returned
40
Figure 11. Rock sampling locations within the
Lucky Strike segment from the Lucky Strike and
FAZAR expeditions. The box enclosing the Lucky
Strike seamount region indicates the area covered by
Figure 12.
37°00
r
32* 1 7U
32* I 6U
32* I 5W
41
Figure 12. Locations of basalt samples collected from Lucky Strike Seamount and vicinity.
Circles indicate rock core and dredge samples collected on the Lucky Strike expedition;
squares indicate rock core and dredge samples collected on the FAZAR expedition. Dredge
tracks are shown by a line bounded by circles or squares. Stars indicate the locations of
basalt samples collected on Alvin dives. The station number is shown beside the symbol or
track. Sample numbers for basalts collected on the dives consist of the last digit of the dive
number followed by the station number.
r
SHIPBOARD RESULTS
42
Biology
The Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent community is principally comprised of a subset of faunal types
encountered at other hydrothermal sites. But the community as a whole has a unique character that is
visually reminiscent of the mussel zone of a rocky intertidal. Mussels are the conspicuous dominant
species at all seven of the sites located during this dive series. The collected mssels have nearly a 100%
incidence of infestation by a commensal polynoid polychaete, making this polychaete an "invisible1 but
important component of the fauna. A small Bresiliid shrimp (2-3 cm total length) is relatively abundant,
reaching fairly high densities (~5 per 10 cm2) in localized patches. Population densities varied from site-to-
site, with Vent 1 having noticeably fewer shrimp than Vent 3 and Eiffel Tower. The shrimp crawl over
sulfide and mussel surfaces; they do not often leave these surfaces unless disturbed and were not
observed in the water column around the vents. A second, larger Bresiliid species (possibly Chorocaris
chacei, a species known from TAG and Snake-Pit) co-occurs, but in lesser numbers.
Other faunal types observed and/or sampled at Lucky Strike sites include small limpets (< 5 mm),
two species of coiled gastropods, one green and small (<1 cm), one white and large (>2 cm), gastropod
egg capsules, bythograeid crabs, amphipods and at least three species of errant polychaetes that live
among the mussels. The most conspicuous of the errant polychaetes is a large (2-3 cm) white polynoid
scale worm. Additional invertebrate types are likely to be recovered from washings of mussel clumps that
will be sorted on shore. No galatheid crabs were observed in either vent or non-vent habitats. The most
"unusual" component of the fauna is a white spiny urchin (12 cm diameter including spines) that occurs
in low densities (several per vent site) and lives both on the main body of the mussel beds and at the edges
of the beds. Echinoderms are rarely associated with hydrothermal sites, although a few exceptions are
known.
Two types of fish - one a large ophidiid-like fish, the other a small morid (~20 cm length) - were
observed in close association with mussel beds and diffuse hydrothermal flows. A specimen of the ophidiid-
like fish was captured at Vent 3. The morids seem to occupy crevices and cavities among the mussels and
sulfides. The elasmobranch Chimaera was observed numerous times hovering near the vents, in cold
water, as were sharks (including, probably, Deania calcea, already observed in Azorean waters at the same
depth during dives in the French bathyscaph Archimede). Two other fishes, whitish and swimming head
up in open water but close to the bottom, were observed. Specimens of the Chimaerid and the Ophidiid-like
fish were collected for study. Gut contents showed remains of crustaceans (probably shrimp); this material
will be compared to collections of crustaceans at the vents to determine if the fish are exploiting vent
resources.
The mussel habitat includes tops of horizontal flanges, vertical surfaces of sulfide edifices, and
cracks in the plate-like aggregated crust. Alvin temperatures recorded at mussel beds range between 5.7
and 13.0°C (ambient temperature = 4.6°C). A 1-day deployment of a HOBO/DSPL low-temperature probe
at Vent 1 over mussels showed a maximum temperature excursion from ambient to 30°C over a ~45 minute
interval. Mean temperature was on the order of 10-12°C (statistical analysis of this data is pending). A low-
temperature probe was left on a mussel-covered flange at Vent 1 for a 1-year deployment.
Especially at Vents 1 and 3, the extent of diffuse venting is well-marked by the boundary of dense
mussel beds. At these sites, large numbers of small mussels (< 5 mm) were observed and collected,
indicating that recruitment is ongoing and intense. A sample of a very large population of mussels (up to
1 1 cm in length) was collected at Vent Site 7. Within the major mussel beds there can be clumps of large
mussels (> 6 cm length) interspersed with the more abundant smaller mussels (< 6 cm length). Different
mussel morphs can be distinguished when mussels are laid out side-by-side, These morphs are likely to
reflect growth conditions (i.e. , crowding could affect shell morphology) but the possibility of more than one
species present needs to be investigated.
There is no obvious peripheral fauna (no anemone or serpulid beds or other populations of filter¬
feeding organisms); the transition from active vent community to non-vent environment is abrupt. The
43
approach to a vent site may be biologically indicated by the presence of shell chaff. Small fragments may
be observed within 50-1 00 m of a site; within 5-1 0 m, the shell chaff includes intact valves and yellow-brown
periostracum.
Not all areas of diffuse flow were colonized by mussels. Some small patches (<1 m max
dimension) appear colonized only by white filamentous bacterial mat. Bacterial mat could also be observed
in small patches of otherwise bare sulfide among the major mussel beds.
Lucky Strike Hydrothermal Fluids
Fluids were collected from six different vent sites in the Lucky Strike hydrothermal area:
Statue of Liberty, Sintra, Eiffel Tower and Markers 4, 6 and 7. Vents ranged from clear
pools underlying flanges (Statue of Liberty) to grey and black smokers. Samples were
collected with the Alvin group's Ti-syringes, paired on T-handles. Gases were extracted
from one bottle of each pair, with the other sample devoted to liquid chemical analyses. In
addition, two samples were collected using J. Lupton's gas tight bottles for He
measurement (a third bottle did not trip). Refractive index, pH, alkalinity, silica and sulfide
were determined on board. Water sample distribution among investigators, analyses to be
performed, and shipboard data are detailed in the following tables.
Lucky Strike shipboard data
45
_l
*
Refr. Index
CD
O
o
CD
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
00
CO
3.8
3.5
3.6
3.4
CO
“9
Alky
meq/L
CO
-o-
cvi
2.37
0.024
1.97
1.02
-0.02
1 .44
0.447
0.632
—
c75
mmol/L
0.405
2.31
9.76
9.89
2.51
CO
d
oo
in
10.1
6.17
9.87
15.1
4.31
7.65
9.3
00
o
CD
11.7
X
H2S
mmol/L
o
o
o
o
o
o
2.5
CM
o
0.9
2.4
o
5.
6.49
4.23
5.86
5.12
00
5.48
00
oo
"O’
4.85
LL
Temp C
corr., +5 C
CO
-d"
CO
CO
-'t
CO
■O"
991-
991-
CM
O
CM
CM
O
CM
ZOZ
ZOZ
CM
O
CM
CD
h-
CD
ZOZ
eoe
00
o
CM
00
o
CM
212
CM
CM
CO
o
CO
LU
Site
MS
MS
MS
MS
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Stat. Lib.
Sintra
Sintra
Stat. Lib.
marker 6
Sintra
Sintra
Sintra
Sintra
marker 6
Q
Pair
■'t
-o-
CO
CM
•o-
CM
CO
CO
•o-
CO
o
Bottle
6gas(3)
CD
10gas(10)
T—
■O’
8gas (13)
2gas (16)
•O’
6gas (3)
8gas (13)
CD
1 0gas(1 0)
■o-
in
2gas (16)
8gas (13)
1 0gas(1 0)
"M"
m
CD
Dive
2603
2604
2605
2606
<
Date
5/29/93
5/30/93
5/31/93
6/1 / 9 3
-
CM
CO
If)
co
00
CD
O
T™
T“
CM
CO
T“
in
T—
CD
T—
r-
T™*
00
T-
CD
20
CM
22
CO
CM
■O’
CM
in
CM
CO
CM
CM
Page 1
Lucky Strike shipboard data
46
-I
O
uo
CD
03
*
Refr. Index
2.95
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.5
2.8
3.8
£
c
0)
lo
E
03
03
O
*u.
CO
E
-O
3
to
03
a
c
"O
03
-O
o
8
v_
C/3
03
3
2
03
n
CO
03
CO
“9
Alky
co
•*r
CM
d
0.306
-0.0538
0.298
-0.021
1.67
-0.026
2.24
Notes: The temperature measured by Alvin's high T probe is the difference between the hot fluid anc
CO
03
£3
O
A
03
A
>.
03
c
CO
■g
'3
g-
—
c73
12.5
14.4
15.1
14.3
15.3
12.7
O'
■o-
CO
13.4
14.3
3.29
8.79
4.79
14.5
0.44
Samples were collected in pairs of bottles, with one bottle for gas extractions, and one for 1
X
H2S
2.7
2.5
CO
2.4
2.9
CO
d
in
CM
0.75
The numbers followed by the word gas are numbers used by Charlou to mark t
The numbers in parentheses are the numbers engraved on the bottles.
o
X
CL
4.42
CO
■O’
4.03
CO
o-
■o-
4.07
5.51
CO
o
O'
6.05
E
03
+—•
o
+—•
O
in
O)
c
■O
03
>.
jQ
Li.
Temp C
319
302
20C
CD
CO
325
CM
CO
T —
CM
CO
325
h-
CD
CM
in
CM
CO
cn
CM
in
CM
CO
UJ
Site
Eiffel A?
marker 6
marker 7
marker 6
marker 7
Eiffel A?
Eiffel B
Eiffel A
Eiffel A
Eiffel B
marker 4
Eiffel B
marker 4
Eiffel B
C
03
a
E
03
O
■O
03
O
03
k.
O
o
o
03
A
03
>
03
JO
CO
03
h—
3
-* — •
03
h_
03
CL
E
03
1-
Q
Pair
CO
CM
CM
CO
CO
■o-
o-
CM
CM
T—
CO
Gas samples have two numbers:
O
Bottle
2gas (16)
CD
10gas(10)
wT
CO
O)
O'
in
2gas (16)
O'
8gas (13)
CT>
10gas(10)
'w
03
O)
"O'
if)
T—
CD
Dive
2607
2608
<
Date
6/2/93
6/3/93
GO
CM
o>
CM
o
CO
T*
CO
CM
CO
CO
CO
O’
CO
in
CO
CO
CO
r-
co
CO
CO
O)
CO
o
O’
CM
O'
L «U
O'
O'
in
O'
46
r-
o
00
O)
I 09 I
Page 2
47
CTD report
During the Lucky Strike cruise CTD data was collected with a SBE 19 SEACAT
Profiler CTD on each Alvin dive (2603- 2608) and on the one camera tow that was
deployed. Data was collected at the rate of one scan per second and logged internally in the
CTD.
The CTD was mounted vertically on the sail of ALVIN. The temperature and
salinity data were extremely noisy for the ALVIN downcasts and for a great deal of the
bottom time data. The CTD was mounted above the main sphere of ALVIN, and
presumably this obstructed direct flow through the CTD sensors on the downcast which
resulted in poor data quality. The horizontal motion of the CTD during the bottom time
would also prevent direct flow throught the sensors, and probably accounts for the noise in
that data, although it was much cleaner than the downcasts. The CTD was mounted
horizontally on the camera sled. This alignment did not seem to obstruct the flow, as all the
data from the camera tow was free of spikes. There was not sufficient time on the cruise to
process the data very thoroughly, in particular the temperature and salinity data not been
aligned to correct for response lag times. Potential temperature and salinity profiles for the
upcasts of all ALVin dives, and for the camera tow are shown in Fig. .
The data was uploaded from the CTD onto K. Von Damm's portable computer after
each deployment. After the cruise the data will be transferred from the pc onto a
mainframe computer so that it can be retrieved and incorporated into the CTD data set
collecting during the FAZAR cruise last fall.
Time-Lapse Temperature Probes
During the dive program we deployed and tested several time-lapse
temperature probes developed by M. Ollson of Deep Sea Power and Light,
and D. Fomari, WHOI. These instruments consists of a datalogging
microchip (manufactured by Onset Computer) powered by a small 3V
camera battery and use a Platinum RTD thermistor to sense temperature.
The electronics are housed in a small 1.5” x 3” Titanium pressure case and
the RTD thermistor is housed within a 24” long, 0.25” diameter Titanium
tube that is welded to the housing. The probes are designed to operate to
depths of 6000 m and collect up to 1800 measurements over a selectable
temperature range of 256° (8 bits). Two types were used during the
Lucky Strike dives. One type was a low-T (-2°C - 125°C) and they were
used to measure largely diffuse flow within biological communities
associated with hydrothermal vents. The second type was a hi-T probe
(156°C - 412°C) which was deployed directly into black smoker
hydrothermal vent orifices.
Very few long-term (>60-90 days) temperature measurements have
been carried out at Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) crests, however, it is likely that
the heat output of hydrothermal systems is variable through time and that
adjacent vent areas, having either high or low-temperature, may influence
the development of a system and impact the sustainability of endemic
biological ecosystems.
The deployment of the time-lapse T-probes during the Lucky Strike
cruise was a first step towards understanding temporal heat flux at MOR
vents. Over the course of ~1 day we monitored hydrothermal flow beneath
a flange which had extremely stable heat output of 200.4°C. A low
temperature probe deployed above the flange with the tip positioned at
the edge of the flange measured considerable temperature fluctuation,
some of which may be cyclical with a portion likey caused by turbulent
flow up and over the flange Up.
Two probes were deployed at the end of the dive series. One high-T
probe tip was placed within a black smoker vent at Marker #6, the
temperature of which was measured by Alvin’s temperature probe at
33 1°C. The second probe was a low-T probe which was placed within an
area of diffuse flow at a biological community adjacent to a high
temperature vent. Both probes have been set to record data for a 12
month period and are scheduled to be recovered by French colleagues who
plan to dive at Lucky Strike in 1994.
t
:
■
i
\
'
MAY 31, 1993 LOW-T PROBE S/N103
LUCKY STRIKE VENTS - SITE #1
D2605 LowTprobet.s/nl 03-sitel
49
i i i i j i i i i i i i i i i i i i i j i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
LO
o
LO
o
LO
o
LO
o
00
00
OvJ
C\J
x —
X —
C\J
<\i
CVJ
o
CVJ
00
LO
CVJ
o
00
30 ajnjejaduiai
Figure 13.
Time in Hours (Z)
! I
! \
i «
; U
I fi
i 3
i i
i l
i L
i 3
I J
JUNE 1, 1993 LOW-T PROBE S/N103
LUCKY STRIKE VENTS - SITE #1
D2605 LowTprobet.s/nl 03-sitel
LO
00
O LO O LO O LO
00 0J OsJ i — i —
0o 9jni9J0diuai
o
Figure 14.
Time in Hours (Z)
51
(3o) ajrnejaduiai
o
<\J
o
o
C\J
o
CD
O
CO
o
s.
o
<x>
o
LO
CM
oo
M-
CM
M
•/> 12
— 3
O
X
CM .E
r—
v
E
P
<?>
CO
CM
00
V)
k.
3
CM 5
V
* E
- CO
- oo
CNJ f\J r— r- «— r- »—
(3o) ajrnejadujaj.
Figure 15.
DATA CATALOGS
lucky. inv
Biological Inventory
Dive 2602/03
29 May 1993
Sta. 4
Hydroid from basalt rock, preserved in 10% formalin
in sm. plastic vial
to IFREMER
Dredge 01
29 May 1993
Dead coral, dried
Dredge 02
30 May 1993
Shell Fragments
in plastic bag with bubble wrap
to IFREMER
Dive 2604
Vent Site 1 at 37° 17.59'N, 32°16.49'W
Mussels collected on and from sulfides. Polynoid polychaetes commensal with mussels at about 90%
infestation. A single example of two polynoids in one mussel. Polynoids were of varying sizes, not always
correlated with the size of the host. Mussel size max: ~6 cm; mussel size min: <1mm (i.e., new recruits).
Mussel tissues generally very watery; little evidence of mature gonad within the population.
94 mussels were numbered, measured (length by height) and dissected.
36 of these mussels were frozen whole in cryovials, with corresponding polynoid in separate vial.
to Lutz
20 were dissected and variously preserved by Aline Fiala-Medioni.***
to Fiala-Medioni, Lutz, Cavanaugh
38 were dissected into gill, foot, worm and frozen.
to Lutz
The non-Aline frozen material is grouped in a labeled plastic bag in -70C freezer.
All animals were alive at time of dissection.
Numbered shells were dried and wrapped individually in labelled paper towels and stored in a
styrofoam container for safe-keeping, to IFREMER
There were numerous uncounted mussels preserved in separate lots as follows:
1. > 370 very small mussels preserved in 90% EtOH to Lutz
2. Mixed large mussels in 90%EtOH to Lutz
3. Mixed large mussels in 10% buffered formalin, to be changed to EtOH on 1 June, to Lutz
4. An additional jar of washings from sulfides, including a vial with 2 small ?sponges were
preserved in 10% buffered formalin. to IFREMER
5. Jar with polynoids from Aline's mussels preserved in EtOH or 10% buffered formalin.
to IFREMER
53
lucky. inv
Dive 2604 (cont)
*** Samples — Aline Fiala-Medioni
For Aline:
Fixations for TEM: M22, M23, M24 (Gill, mantle, digestive gland)
Fixations for Biochem: M22, 23, 24, 53, 54, 55, 76, 79, 80, 81 ,82,83,84,85 (Gill, mantle, digestive gland)
Fixations in formalin: 6 museels in toto
For Lutz:
adductors frozen: M22, 23, 26, 53, 54, 55, 76, 79, 80, 81 ,82,83,84,85,90,91 ,92,94,95
For Cavanaugh
TEM: M22,23,24 gill
Biochem: M90, 91 ,92,93,94 gill
54
lucky. inv
Dive 2605
Vent Site 1
1 urchin test diameter ~7 cm, spines plus test ~12 cm diameter preserved in formalin, changed to EtOH
to IFREMER
50 mussels were numbered, measured and dissected.
30 of these were dissected to foot, gill, worm and frozen to Lutz
20 were dissected and variously preserved and frozen by Aline to Fiala-Medioni, Lutz,
Cavanaugh***
All animals were alive at time of dissection.
Incidence of commensalism >95%.
Shells 1-30 individually wrapped in paper and stored in labelled plastic bag to IFREMER
One lot of small mussels (generally < 1 cm) were frozen in their shells in a small zip-loc...~60 specimens
to Lutz
One natural clump of large and small mussels (>100 specimens) was frozen "as is"
to Lutz
The remainder of mussels from this site were preserved in formalin in a 5 gal bucket to IFREMER
Vent Site 2
No biological Samples
Vent Site 3 (= "last site on dive 2605" on labels)
1 piece of sulfide was collected with numerous small mussels:
1 lot in formalin to Lutz
1 lot preserved in EtOH to Lutz
shells were not opened
1 lot frozen (mostly small, frozen in shells) to Lutz
?other lots?
1 Chimera fish collected to Saldanha
Bulk frozen; gut contents preserved in formalin. Samples of muscle, liver gonads in liquid nitrogen.
55
lucky. inv
DIVE 2605 (cont.)
*** - Aline Fiala Medioni dissections:
For Aline:
Fixation for TEM: M31, M32, M36 (Gill, mantle, digestive gland)
Fixations for biochemistry: M31, 32,33,32,35,36,37,38,39,40 (gill, mantle, digestive gland)
Frozen in toto: M51,52,53
for R. Lutz:
Adductor Muscle: M31 ,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,42
for C. Cavanaugh:
Fix for TEM: M33 gill
Fix for biochem: M42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 gill
56
Dive 2606
Vent Site 1
1 urchin
Vent Site 3
11 shrimp
50 green
gastropods
~20 small
gastropods
~90 limpets
1 glycerid
polychaete
1 coelenterate
lucky. inv
preserved in EtOH, stored in plastic 5 gal. bucket with formalin and mussels
to IFREMER
6 preserved in glutaraldehyde/formalin soln. provided by Chamberlain
(2 cut partially through; all injected in thoracic region) to Van Dover
Five numbered, frozen
1 23 mm rostrum to tip of tail
2 26 mm
3 29 mm
4 19 mm
5 fragment
Shrimp were transparent in life with pink/orange eye patches on backs, occasionally with
red median line of pigment down dorsal surface of thorax and abdomen.
Guts/hepatopancreas appeared brown.
6
glut
(1 vial)
23
formalin
(4 vials) to be transferred to EtOH
13
EtOH
(4 vials)
Eight
numbered, frozen
1 12.3 mm o.d.
2 9.8
3 8.8
4 9.6
5 8.7
6 9.4
7 9.4
8 7.6 all to IFREMER
plus specimens dissected by Aline Fiala-Medioni***
5 frozen (< 2 mm max dimension)
remainder preserved in glut/formalin soln transferred to EtOH
all to IFREMER
10 glut (1 vial)
40 formalin (2 vials) to be transferred to EtOH
40 EtOH (2 vials)
all to McLean
in glut/formalin soln to IFREMER
in glutaraldehyde to IFREMER
57
lucky. inv
Dive 2606 (cont.)
Vent Site 3 (cont.)
1 hydroid
(coelenterate was fleshy, pink-orange in life with white spheres)
to IFREMER
sulfide
scrapings
frozen in 2 vials
to VanDover
large
mussels
Dissected and preserved by Aline***. May be a second species? or just a larger size. Shell
is darker and may have a slightly different shape than expected from other mussels. Can
readily be distinguished on video by their size and coloration.
mixed
mussels
Large volume preserved in formalin in 5 gal bucket with mussels from 2605.
to IFREMER
mixed
mussels
Large volume frozen to Lutz
small
mussels
1 vial preserved in EtOH. Picked from sulfide where mixed mussels were collected.
to IFREMER
Other Sites
1 fish
bulk frozen, gut contents in formalin, samples of muscle, gonad, liver in liquid nitrogen
to Saldanha
crinoid?
plates
dried in plastic bag
to IFREMER
2 lots
protozoa
from basalt sta. 9
to Van Dover
Dive 2606 (cont)
***Fiala-Medioni Dissections
For Aline:
TEM:
biochem:
in EtOH:
in formalin:
Ml, 2, 3 (gill, mantle, digestive gland) and G1,2 (gills)
Ml, 2, 3 (gill)
6 gastropods
5 gastropods
For Lutz:
frozen adductors
Ml, 2, 3
59
lucky. inv
Dive 2607
Lazy Susan Slurp Samples from Vent Site 3:
Formalin-preserved lots (transferred to EtOH):
2 large white gastropods to IFREMER
1 bythograeid crab to IFREMER
~50 small shrimp and 2 large shrimp to Van Dover
washings (with amphipods) to IFREMER
EtOH preserved lots
~50 small shrimp to Van Dover
Frozen Material:
103 small shrimp frozen individually to Van Dover
Glut/formalin (for eye structure): to Van Dover
3 large shrimp
5 small shrimp
amphipods to Saldanha
Dive 2608
Large mussels from Eiffel Tower. 52 measured.
10 frozen individually for heavy metal analysis to Aline
22 frozen for misc. studies to Lutz
12 large mussels injected and preserved in their shells in formalin to Lutz
1 limpet, 1 gastropod preserved in formalin to IFREMER
20 mussels to Aline***
*** Aline dissections:
for Aline:
TEM:
Biochem:
Ethanol
Ml, 2 (gill)
Ml, 2, 3, 4 (gill, mantle, digestive gland)
6 in toto
for Lutz
frozen
adductors: Ml, 2, 4
for Cavanaugh
TEM: Ml (gill)
Dredge 4
1 hermit
crab in
scaphopod
shell
formalin
to IFREMER
61
SULFIDE SAMPLE CATALOGUE
Mineralogical composition determined on board before cutting the samples. : preliminary
descriptionb by : Y. Fouquet, M. Tivey and I. Costa.
BARITE = Dominant mineralbarite = Abundant to frequent mineral (barite) =
Rare mineral
2604 5 1 Site 1
11x20x9cm 3.25kg
15x1 5x1 3cm 4kg
4x10.5x5cm 5kg
A Flange
B Flange
C Flange
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
Two large, 1 medium, 4,5 small pieces of a flange. Mineralogy is predominantly barite (2
to 5mm). No ahnhydrite observed in hand sample. Fans of marcasite. Fine grains of zinc
sulfide (?). Water taken at top of flange after it was broken/ T under the flange 152 C (4.6
C ambiant). Numerous living mussels on upper part of the flange.
2604 5 2 Site 1 Altered Cu Chimney CHALCOPYRITE, shalerite,
marcasite 18xll(diam) 4kg
Small dead spire with mussels attached. Mineralogy : Oxidised chalcopyrite at the central
part (Covellite, Digenite ?), outer part =pyrite. Outer rim is made of marcasite and barite.
Outermost =Fe Oxide and Mn <lmm.
2605 1 1 Site 1 Active flange BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
7x6x2
Two small pieces. Dominant barite with dendritic marcasite. Black zinc sulfide in
centimetric open spaces. White colour (bacteria) as patches at the outer part.
2605 1 2 Site 1 Active flange BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
18x8x4cm
Barite and dendritic marcasite. Sphalerite in the centimetric voids. Very similar to sample 1-
1. Collected with mussels.
2605 1 3 Site 1 Old Ba-Fe chimney BARITE, pyrite/marcasite,
sphalerite, (chalcopyrite) 16x3x9cm 1.5kg
Inner part : centimetric voids with white barite crystals (up to 3mm) enriched in black ZnS.
One millimetric chalcopyrite layer. Outer part is more massive. Barite is dominant with
macasite and sphalerite around secondary conduits. The surface is covered with dark
brown and black Fe/Mn oxides.
2605 2 Site 2 Oxides GOETHlTE Many smallpieces;
Amorphous orange iron oxides. Probably of primary origin. No remnants of sulfides
indicating oxidation processes. Collected as small fragments within the living mussels.
62
2605 3 Site 3 B a- Fe chimney PYRITE, BARITE, (sphalerite) 28x15x12
3.25kg
Irregular central conduit , 4cm in diameter. Millimetric pale yellow barite crystals growing
on ZnS in the open conduit. Outer part : Marcasite and Barite. Surface is covered with dark
brown Fe/Mn oxide.
2606 1 1 Site 1 Inactive flange SPHALERITE, Barite, (opal) 11x6x5cm
0.3kg.
White crystals of barite mixed with black ZnS. Surface coated with pale yellow amorphous
silica + Mn oxide + barite.
2606 1 2 Site 1 Inactive flange BARITE, (sphalerite) 1 1x7x4.5cm
0.5kg
Upper part is more or less oxidised. Sample is made of massive barite with minor sulfides.
Centimetric open spaces are filled with brown barite crystals (up to 5mm) = lower part of
the flange.
2606 1 4 Site 1 oxidised Cu chimney CHALCOPYRITE, pyrite, covellite
24x17x9cm 9.5kg.
Surface is covered with Fe oxides. Under this crust, dark blue minerals are probably
covellite and digenite resulting of the oxidation of chalcopyrite. They are mixed with minor
barite and opal. Some patches of atacamite at the surface and in the open central conduit.
Diameter of the central conduit is 5x2.5cm.
2606 2 1 Site 2 Ba-Fe chimney BARITE, PYRITE, (sphalerite)
17xllxl0cm 1.4kg
Discontinuous central conduit. Massive barite and minor pyrite (or marcasite). Trace of
sphalerite . Mn oxide coating at the outer part.
2606 2 2 Site 2 Cu rich massive sulfide CHALCOPYRITE, PYRITE, atacamite,
jarosite, goethite 19x1 7x1 0cm 5.2kg
Surface brown colour due to oxidation of sulfide (up to 5mm thick). On this surface are
numerous centimetric green patches of atacamite. Locally, under the crust or at the interior
of small spherules (up to 5mm in diameter) growing at the surface of the sample, is a
yellow product , probably jarosite. On one side are two, stalactites (a fex centimeter long)
of goethite, atacamite and jarosite). Iron oxide is covered with thin black Mn oxides.
2606 3 1 Site 3 Cu-Fe chimney active PYRITE, ANHYDRITE,
CHALCOPYRITE 14x1 2x6cm + small pieces
Central part of high porosity, enriched in chalcopyrite and pyrite. Centimetric white
discontinuous layer of anhydrite (partly dissolved). Very minor Zn sulfides,, outer part
slightly oxidised, spherulitic opal at the surface. Barite less abundant than in the other
samples.
2606 3 2 Site 3 Fe chimney active PYRITE, barite, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite, marcasite 30x16x6, 14x10x8, 14x12x7, 17x1 3x1 2cm
Sinuous central conduit (6x3cm) partly filled with FeS2 and chalcopyrite. Discontinuous
layer (a few mm thick) of sphalerite. Outer wall is made of anhydrite and perhaps some
barite and marcasite. Some oxidation + white patches of Si02 on the outer surface.
2606 4 1 site 4 (Eiffel Tower ?) Fe-Ba chimney inactive BARITE, PYRITE,
(sphalerite) 51x30x20cm
Central part : porous conduit of about 10 cm in diameter. Idiomorphic barite crystals
replaced by pyrite or marcasite. Late hydrothermal episode has deposited sphalerite and
barite (millimetric brown crystals in the open spaces). Outer part : massive barite and iron
sulfides with minor Zinc sulfide. Surface coated with thin brown Fe oxides.
2606 6 1 Site 5 (marker 7 ?)
Slab PYRITE, SPHALERITE, BARITE. 13x9x19cm. 2.8kg;
Three layers are distinguished. The lower part is 7 cm thick and consist of a mixture of
basaltic gravels with a cement of barite and/or amorphous silica associated with partly
oxidised iron sulfides. The second layer is 3 cm thick and is slightly layered and consist of
ZnS ? and barite. The outer layer less than one cm thick, consists of crystalline Pyrite. The
surface is covered with a thin Mn deposit.
2607 5 1 Site 1 (?) Inactive flange BARITE, Pyrite, chalcopyrite
37x30x23" Fe conduit PYRITE, (barite)
No clear zonation in the sample before cutting. The sample was to big to be cut. When
broken two part were seen , one correspond to a conduit and is made of a chimney like
structure composed of dominant pyrite with some barite. Around this conduit the contact is
sharp with the second type which is made of dominant barite with pyrite and some
chalcopyrite. White colour at the outer part can be due to opal enrichment, Mn coating at the
outer part.
2607 6 1 Site 2 (?)
Active Cu chimney CHALCOPYRITE, Anhydrite, (sphalerite) 9x6x3cm
0.25kg
Inner conduit made of a regular layer of chalcopyrite up to 1cm thick. Outer part is about
lcm thick and made of anhydrite with some iron and zinc sulfides. Outer surface has
brown red oxidation and white patches of silica or bacteria ?.
2607 7 1 Site "Eiffel Tower" (?) Active Ca chimney ANHYDRITE,
chalcopyrite, (sphalerite) 7x6x2, 9x6x4cm
64
White to medium grey anhydrite partly redissolved. Centimetric chalcopyrite crystallisation
at the core of the chimney.
2608 2 1 site : Marker 4 Active Cu chimney CHALCOPYRITE,
Anhydrite, pyrite
Active chimney 292 C. Chalcopyrite crystals up to 5mm. anhydrite, pyrite. Many small
pieces. Corresponding water was in green bottle.
2608 2 2 Site : Marker 4 Silicified slab PYRITE, OPAL (as cement
around Basalt gravel)
Gravels of altered vesicular basalt cemented by silica and probably fine grained pyrite.
2608 3 1 Site : Eiffel tower. Active Cu Chimney ANHYDRITE,
chalcopyrite, (sphalerite)
Dark grey to black anhydrite with some chalcopyrite and pyrite. Temperature was 316 C.
Water taken in orange bottle.
2608 3 2 Site : Eiffel tower. Active Cu chimney ANHYDRITE,
chalcopyrite, pyrite 18x13x11 1kg
Black anhydrite with some chalcopyrite and pyrite. Temperature at this vent was 320 C.
Two water samples black and blue.
2608 3 3 Site : Eiffel tower. Si-Mn slab Mn oxides, Opal, (as
cement around basalt gravel)
Gravels of basalt cemented by Mn oxides and partly silicified.
2608 4 1 Inactive site at about 100m W of Eiffel Tower. Mn Slab Mn
oxides (as cement in gravels and fine grained sediment).
Mn oxide crust . Fine grained upper part and coarse grained gravels of fresh vesicular
basaltic glass at lower part.
2608 5 1 hottest Black smoker Active Cu chimney ANHYDRITE,
Chalcopyrite, pyrite, (sphalerite).
Anhydrite with some Chalcopyrite and FeS2 in the inner conduit. Temperature was
measured at a maximum of 327 C.
65
SUMMARY LIST OF SULFIDE SAMPLES
2604 5 1 A Flange
B Flange
C Flange
2604 5 2 Altered Cu Chimney
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
CHALCOPYRITE, shalerite, marcasite
2605 1 1 Active flange
2605 1 2 Active flange
2605 1 3 old Ba-Fe chimney
BARITE, marcasite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, marcasite,(sphalerite)
BARITE, pyrite/marcasite, sphalerite,
(chalcopyrite)
2605 2 Oxides GOETHITE
2605 3 Ba-Fe chimney PYRITE, BARITE, (sphalerite)
2606 1 1
2606 1 2
2606 1 4
2606 2 1
2606 2 2
2606 3 1
2606 3 2
marcasite
2606 4 1
2606 6 1
Inactive flange
Inactive flange
oxydized Cu chimney
Ba-Fe chimney
Cu rich massive sulfide
Cu-Fe chimney active
Fe chimney active
Fe-Ba chimney inactive
Slab
2607 6 1 Active Cu chimney
2607 7 1 Active Ca chimney
2607 5 1 inactive flange
PYRITE, (barite)
SPHALERITE, Barite, (opal)
BARITE, (sphalerite)
CHALCOPYRITE, pyrite,covellite
BARITE, PYRITE, (sphalerite)
CHALCOPYRITE, PYRITE
PYRITE, ANHYDRITE, CHALCOPYRITE
PYRITE, barite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite,
BARITE, PYRITE, (sphalererite)
PYRITE, SPHALERITE, BARITE.
CHALCOPYRITE, Anhydrite, (sphalerite)
ANHYDRITE, chalcopyrite, (sphalerite)
BARITE, Pyrite, chalcopyrite" Fe conduit
2608 2 1
Active Cu chimney
2608 2 2
Silicified slab
2608 3 1
Active Cu Chimney
2608 3 2
Active Cu chimney
2608 3 3
Si-Mn slab
gravel)
2608 4 1
Mn Slab
sediment)
.2608 5 1
Active Cu chimney
(sphalerite).
CHALCOPYRITE, Anhydrite, pyrite
PYRITE, OPAL (as cementaround Basalt gravel)
ANHYDRITE, chalcopyrite, (sphalerite)
ANHYDRITE, chalcopyrite, pyrite
Mn oxides, Opal, (ascement aroud basalt
Mn oxides (as cement ingrzvels and fine grained
ANHYDRITE, Chalcopyrite, pyrite,
Alvin Dive basalt inventory
66
Dive No.
Sample
Description
Size (cm)
Thin
Hand
Glass?
No.
section
samples
weight
billet
separated
2602/3
1
weathered basalt
12 x 8.5 x 8
2
2
none
2
breccia
small
-
1
none
3
weathered basalt
-
2
2
none
4
weathered basalt
-
2
2
none
5
weathered basalt
19x12x6
2
2
none
6
weathered basalt
36 x 28 x 13
2
2
none
2604
1
oxidized + fresher
4" thick slab
2
2
none
2
basalt pillow
25 x 25 x 4
2
3
none
3
basalt pillow
Ig-now 10 frags
2
2
none
2605
1
pillow, Mn coat
18 x 16 x 16
4
2
none
2606
3
pillow, Mn, Fe ox
45 x 20 x 20
-
1
none
1 0
vesic. basalt pillow
35 x 35 x 35
-
1
none
2607
no basalts
Dredge inventory
67
Sample
Type
Description
Size (cm)
Thin
Hand
Glass?
-Total
Name
section
samples
weight
weight
billet
separated
DR01
older pillows, sheet flows, and sed
iment
-
10 kg
DR01-1
1
basalt
15x8
-
-
-
DR01-2
1
basalt
12x8
-
-
-
DR01-3
2
basalt
12 x 12 x 16
1
2
-
DR01-4
2
basalt
18 x 15 x 12
-
3
-
DR01-5
sediment
-
-
-
DR02
fresh glassy basalt
.5 dr. bskt.
DR02-1
1
basalt
16 x 12
1
2
10 g
DR02-2
1
basalt
20 x 15
-
-
40 g
DR02-3
II
basalt
15 x 12
-
-
-
DR02-4
II
basalt
13x9
-
-
-
DR02-5
IV
basalt
11x7
-
-
10 g
DR02-6
IV
basalt
8x9
-
-
10 g
DR02-7
V
basalt
10x7
2
-
8 g
DR02-8
V
basalt
9x5
-
-
-
stn glass
glass
80 g
DR 03
old pillow frags, Mn coate
fcr
.33 dr. bskt.
DR03-1
1
basalt
12x12x8
DR03-2
1
basalt
~ 20
DR03-3
1
basalt
~ 20
i
2
DR03-4
biology
DR03-5
sediment
10 g
DR 04
old plag phyric basalt
50-100 g
DR04-1
1
basalt
few sq. cm.
DR04-2
1
basalt
few sq. cm.
DR04-3
1
basalt
few sq. cm.
DR04-4
1
basalt
few sq. cm.
DR04S
sediment
5g
stn glass
glass
few chips
Rock core inventory
68
Rock core samples have had wax removed, no furt
her processing
Sample
Description
Total wt.
Sample
Description
Total wt.
Name
(g)
Name
(g)
RC01-B
coral & shells
3
RC14
rock + glass
3
RC01-A
rock + glass?
3
RC14S
sediment
2
RC02
weathered rock
3
RC15
rock + plag + glass
2
RC03
rock + glass?
3
RC15S
sediment
1
RC04
rock + glass
2
RC16
v. fresh glass
8
RC05
glass
5
RC16S
sediment
0.5
RC06
weathered glass
2
RC17
rock + glass
2
RC06S
sed
1
RC18
rock + plag + glass
0.5
RC06SG
sediment glass
tiny frag
RC18S
sediment
0.5
RC07
rock + glass?
few chips
RC19
rock + glass
1 0
RC07S
sediment
1
RC19S
sediment
1
RC08
rock + glass?
5
RC20
rock + glass?
0.2
RC08S
sediment
1
RC21S
sediment
1
RC08SG
sediment glass
few chips
RC22
rock + plag + glass
0.5
RC09
coral + shell
2
RC23
rock + plag + glass
0.5
RC09S
sediment
2
RC10S
sed + shell
2
FF01
glass + sed -coars<
0.2
RC10SG
sediment glass
few chips
FF01
glass + sed -fine
0.2
RC11
rock+gl+shell
2 bags
FF01SG
sediment glass
1 chip
RC11S
sediment
5
FF02
glass + sed
0.3
RC11SG
rock from sed
2
FF03
rock + plag
1
RC12
weathered glass
0.5
FF04
rock + plag + glass
1
RC13
rock + glass
3
FF04S
sediment
0.25
69
Lucky Strike Water Sample Distribution (mLs sample per analysis/investigator)
Liquid Samples:
Dive#
2603
2604
2605
2605
2605
2605
Bottle#
14
4
4
9
14
15
chloride- Von Damm
4
4
4
4
4
O/H isot.- Shanks
4
4
4
4
4
nutrients- Von Damm
20
20
20
20
20
alkalinity- shipboard
30
30
30
30
30
pH- shipboard
2
2
2
2
2
sulfide- shipboard
14
7
7
7
7
S isotopes- Shanks
50
50
10:1 dil'n- Colodner
20
10
10
10
10
trc els- Colodner
400
400
400
400
400
400
ree's- Klinkhammer
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ge/Si - Froelich
10
10
Dive#
Bottle #
2606
4
2606
14
2606
15
2607
9
2607
11
2607
14
2607
15
chloride- Von Damm
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
O/H isot.- Shanks
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
nutrients- Von Damm
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
alkalinity- shipboard
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
pH-shipboard
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sulfide-shipboard
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
S isotopes- Shanks
50
50
50
50
10:1 dil'n- Colodner
10
10
10
10
10
20
trc els- Colodner
400
400
400
400
400
400
ree's- Khnkhammer
100
100
100
100
100
100
Ge/Si- Froelich
10
10
10
Gold- Falkner
50
50
Dive#
2608
2608
2608
2608
Bottle #
4
9
14
15
chloride- Von Damm
4
4
4
4
O/H isot.- Shanks
4
4
4
4
nutrients- Von Damm
20
20
20
20
alkalinity- shipboard
30
30
30
30
pH- shipboard
2
2
2
2
sulfide- shipboard
7
7
7
7
S isotopes- Shanks
10:1 dil'n- Colodner
50
50
50
50
10
10
10
10
trc els- Colodner
400
400
400
400
ree's- Klinkhammer
100
100
100
100
Ge/Si- Froelich
Gold- Falkner
10
50
10
Radium- Kadko
100
100
70
Gas samples:
Gases were extracted by J.L. Charlou for CH4, N2, CO2, CO and light hydrocarbon
analyses from the following Ti-syringes. The bottle numbers are those taped to the Ti-
samplers. In parentheses are the numbers engraved on the samplers. Liquid remaining
after extraction of gases was given to Colodner.
2603-6 (3)
2603- 10(10)
2604- 8 (13)
2605- 2 (16)
2605-6 (3)
2605-8 (13)
2605- 10(10)
2606- 2 (16)
2606- 8 (13)
2606-10(10)
2607- 2(16)
2607-10(10)
2607- 11 (11)
2608- 2(16)
2608-8(13)
2608-10(10)
2608-11 (11)
In addition, two samples were collected for He determinations using J. Lupton's gas-tight
bottles.
2606- 2gt (Statue of Liberty)
2606-4gt (Sintra)
UNOLS RESEARCH VESSEL CRUISE ASSESSMENT
1., 3. Pi/Chief Scientist Charles H. Langmuir
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Palisades, NY 10964
2. . 5. Ship R/V Atlantis II and Alvin AII129 Leg 6
The "Lucky Strike" Expedition
4. General Type of Work
We carried out a dive program of six dives to find and study for the first time the
Lucky Strike vent field on the mid- Atlantic ridge. The night program was mostly rock
sampling, with one camera tow.
6. Area of Operations
The mid- Atlantic ridge, in the center of segment, within a few miles of 37°17'N,
32°16'W, in Portugese territorial waters.
7. Cruise Dates May 27, 1993 to June 4, 1993
8. -11 Days Total 8 Days transit 2.5 Days Station 5.5
12. The cruise was fully successful.
14. Woods Hole provided adequate information and consultation prior to the cruise.
15. We lost portions of two dives due to weather, and some portion of the night program.
Winds were commonly 25 knots during much of the time at sea.
16. One and a half hours was lost because of a technical problem with Alvin on the first
dive. The WHOI gravity corer was lost due to a poor weld, which curtailed the rock
coring program.
18. The ship and crew performed admirably, and did not adversely affect the cruise
success.
19. Equipment used: Alvin, A-Frame, Hydrowinch, Main winch, Computers,
Communications, Seabeam.
20. Safety related problems: none.
21. General Comments
The success of the cruise is a tribute to the professionalism and hard work of the
crew and WHOI ship operations.
(1) Captain and mates were cooperative and devoted to ensuring the success of the
program.
(2) The Alvin group carried out a very smooth operation of a series of six dives,
and cooperated fully with the aims and special demands of the scientific investigators. A
submersible such as Alvin is the only means by which we could have obtained such
quantity and detail of scientific results in a short program. The success of the mission is a
tribute to the utility of Alvin, and the professionalism of its operation.
(3) The deck crew and the bosun, Wayne Bailey, were helpful and interested, and
ensured the success of over-the-side operations.
(4) Dave Ouelette provided excellent access to communications, and was very
helpful and available, as always.
(5) The food prepared by Carl Wood and Dan Butler was good, and the mess
functioned well even with only one mess attendant (Torii Young), who gave cheerful and
competent service.
(6) Phil Treadwell, the deck engineer, was helpful with myriad problems, as usual.
(7) Woods Hole and the ships crew were exceptionally helpful with departure and
arrival times in order to ensure that we recieved six dives with only eight days of ship time.
This was a hardship for the crew, and the entire scientific party appreciates it very much.
(8) The bottom line is a very positive assessment of WHOI, AH and Alvin
operations. There are a few things, however, dealing with technical issues and training,
that would have made and could make operations even better.
(a) The overtime issue came up daily, and impacts all aspects of ship
operations. I realize the financial difficulties, but everything would work better if there
were not such rigid overtime constraints.
(b) E-mail did not function as well as our last experience, because of lack
of communications among computers. The Seabeam and Alvin computers could not talk.
This should be fixed.
(c) The Alvin altimeter should work.
(d) Although there were time constraints, having a single gravity core on
board was risky. Loss of the gravity core due to a parting of the weld could have serous
negative consequences for the night program of the following leg. The weld was a single
pass on an unbeveled join. The weld should be multiple passes on a beveled join. If the
weld on the gravity core we used is standard procedure, the machine shop should be
alerted.
(e) Relief mates coming on board need to be instructed better in how to set
up and hold station with the All. This is essential for successful night operations that
involve station work. This is a serious problem that should be addressed by WHOI
operations.
We are appreciative of the efforts and professionalism of all WHOI personnel that
enabled us to have a highly successful cruise under tight time constraints and less than
optimal weather conditions.
73
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The entire expedition relied on the support and professionalism of Captain Howland
and the crew of the Atlantis II and Larry Shumacker and the Alvin group for the success of
the project. All did their best to ensure that operations ran smoothly and efficiently
sometimes in adverse conditions. The Woods Hole port office was flexible and supportive
in arranging for a cruise on short notice and for arranging port stops so a program of six
dives was able to be accomplished. We are grateful for the support on which the success
of a scientific mission depends. Shef Corey again provided important Sea Beam maps.
APPENDIX 1
74
Page _ / of
TRANSPONDER SETUP
Cruise # }"* 7—3
Date Z>S~/
Transponder Serial # 3 ^ C
Release Code 77
Interrogate Frequency 7. ^ KHz
Reply Frequency / 3 • cZ> KHz
Burn Volts 2. 3 . Lj?' \ Required Volts
”2 '2 . y Resistor Used ohms
Release Test ^ SAT]) UNSAT
TRANSPONDER DEPLOYMENT
N
Proposed Transponder Position
Transponder B C
Lat ^ 7 - / 7 . £> > ,S) S
Y \ 37 ?/ .&
Long Z> Z'- 1 7 . ft) E
x /- 3 7 6 .4
^77^ HRS, streamed transponder
Depth / £ 9 & meters — I&3 ^ *7
Received reply on ASP? (73) N
If no reply, recovered at HRS
HRS restreamed
HRS, transponder deployed
Actual Transponder Position
Lat ? "7 - ' / 0 . cP/3?n) S
Y i S~ Y l.o
Long 3 ■ - / 6 7(7? E
X W 2 7 0
Water depth / ^ ^Yneters
Transponder depth / 3 / . “j> meters
TRANSPONDER SURVEY
Survey completed using: /Minotaur/GPSCAL _ SURV2 _ SWURV
Transducer used: _ Forward _ ^Mid _ 12 KHz
Survey file: 7 3 1 3 A ■ 1 Data file: _
SVP file used: 7 Oc.. .{' '' ' /} . SVP/COE NIT ffle:
f
Origin: Lat 7 - / ^ . & 42 2 (-N^S
Rotation: . Offset:
Other:
57^3^ ^ .nit
Long
RMS V'7^ M
jV
PTS
_ HRS, release code _
Release code acknowledged? Y N
Additional releases attempted
Release achieved: Y N
sent
Date
HRS
4 pings
HRS
5 pings
HRS
HRS, transponder on the surface
HRS, transponder recovered
Comments
75
Page^ „ta
TRANSPONDER SETUP
Date OS / ??>/ ^
Release Code
bruise # _
Transponder Serial # _ ^ ^ ^ ^
Interrogate Frequency __ KHz Reply Frequency _ [_ KHz
Bum Volts / V Required Volts Sz.'z—S _ V Resistor Used IJQ ohms
Release Test /SAT/ UNSAT
gill
■MM
■
isvnrr
\
Proposed Transponder Position
La' 3.'2.-X-Z.--?JLi:(N)s
Long _ 3 ^ - } 7 . O 2>0(y) E
HRS, streamed transponder
If no reply, recovered at _ HRS
_ HRS, transponder deployed
Transponder A B
Y ^ _ ^ & & [ . 3
X
cS
/ 1 6 o ' L
Depth _3_5_ meters /P?
Received reply on ASP? (/y^ ) N
HRS restreamed
Actual Transponder Position
Ut 3_"2- “ _/-Z S
Long E
Water depth / ^ "? 3 meters
Y
X
/ £ z /
Transponder depth meters
Survey completed using: j/ Minotaur/GPSCAL _ SURV2 SWURV Other: _
Transducer used: _ Forward l/M kl _ 12 KHz
Survey file: /.S !/ A • 0 ?] T Data file: _
SVP file used: 7 / y/^7 *&fr/COE NIT ffle: 37^/52 u/ . NIT
Origin: Lat 3 ~7 — / . O C? S Long 3 2~ — _ / . <2 O C> ''&) E
Rotation: . Offset: , RMS 2>£'^ M PTS _
_ HRS, release code _
Release code acknowledged? Y N
Additional releases attempted _
Release achieved: Y N
sent
Date
HRS
4 pings
HRS
5 pings
HRS
HRS, transponder on the surface
HRS, transponder recovered
Comments
APPENDIX 2
76
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 1 OF 9
TIME (Z) DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
This dive was planned to traverse the small closed contour basin
inbetween the three cones in the MAR rift valley, from west to east, and
then traverse up the southwestern flank of the eastern cone, then across
the summit area looking for the vent site that was dredged in 1992 on the
FAZAR cruise.
No navigation in the sub. was available due to the late arrival on station
caused by bad weather in transit from the Azores. Transponders were
deployed on the summits of the western and southern cones prior to the
dive and travel-time data will be collected by the A-2 for later processing.
Those data will be ship-sub fixes.
TIME (Z) DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
0930 launch posit just west of western edge of the basin
0940 -200 m problems with ground in battery tank sensor cable
and stbd thruster, have to abort dive for repairs
1125 500 m
1154
1157 1698m
1159
1200 1706m
1202-05 1705m
going to the bottom, techs were able to repair
battery cable problem and we are descending
-100 m off bottom making bottom approach
coming down on predominantly sediment covered
slope with some rock outcrops, some look like
tongues of older lava, lots of sediment, props
stirring it up. coming around to course 090°
getting sub. trim.
starting video cameras, 2 recorders, and port
35 mm bow camera rep rate every 15 sec
**no altimeter data**
lots of sediment, some platey crusts unclear
whether it is Mg crust or glassy crust but no
sparkles.
slope is -3040° largely sediment covered with
some small talus and larger blocks some may be
in place outcrops.
STATION #1 BASALT SAMPLE, IN SITU
from outcrop, about 60% slope is sediment, rest
is basalt outcrop and talus, some of the rocks
look like curtain folded lavas, hackly in appearance
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 2 OF 9
77
TIME (Z) DEPTH
1206
1209 1695m
1213 1683m
1219 1643m
1220 1642m
1225 1633
HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
moving at ~lm above seafloor, going over a small
saddle with a small constructional haystack off
to port, small lava tubes present elongated up and
down slope, we are making a turn to port to
go up the feature to check lavas on the top of it.
looks like a small vent ridge or pillow wall
traversing about 2 m above bottom, lavas still not
glassy, outcrops are broken up pillows, 0.25 to 0.75
m in diameter, not glassy looking, trend of the pillo
ridge is NNE
at top of pillow ridge, slopes drop off in all direction
so must be a small constructional haystack with
about 8-10 m of relief above basin floor, now going
to head east and continue traverse up slope
going upslope about 3 m above bottom, 70% talus
fist sized up to .25 to .75 m dia, not much intact
outcrops or flow forms
at very steep 60-70° slope, very planar wall face,
massive appearance, trying to collect rock sample
from face of wall
still trying to sample steep slope, some small talus
in crannys of the wall otherwise shear face,
possibly massive and maybe Mg covered which
also would act to smooth micro relief
finished sampling STATION #2 ROCK FROM FACE
OF SHEAR WALL, proceeding east east facing
flank of feature is a shear wall with broken pillows
sticking out of a near-vertical face
proceeding east, went over crest of the ridge
appears to be a fault scarp, west face massive in
appearance and planar with a few cracks in it,
top of feature is knife edge ridge trending
~NNE and east facing side is shear and exposes
what appear to be broken pillow outcrop, the
west side slopes at ~60-70°, total relief of feature
is about 15 m top to bottom,
switching between bottom looking SIT and other
cameras.
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 3 OF 9
78
TIME (Z)
1228
1230
1233
1237
1240
1242
DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1627m o/c 909° about 4 m above bottom, outcropping
blocks with fist sized talus, no bulbus looking
pillows,
1620m now in a zone with larger talus blocks with
some wrinkled lava crusts on the outcrop,
possibly original glass layer but NOT glassy
1610m stopped for STATION #3 to collect rock sample
1610m collected basalt STATION #3, now going to come
up and continue traverse to east, just passed
over an area where there is coral on the rocks
also went over small bench that may have been
a flow front, looking out to the north can see
several low (3-5 m) ridges and valleys that may
be flow tongues, trending generally NE-SW
some of pillows on the side are fractures and looks
like they have Mg coating, most outcrops look
tabular rather than pillowy can’t tell if it is
old glass selvedges or Mg crusts.
1590m going over small step with in the slope that has
a backslope to the east, may be surface expression
of a small faut. slope is generally talus 40-50%
with sediment (30%) and some outcrop ~20%
1585m travelling over a sharp drop-off, another ridge
with very narrow, sharp crest, features look
constructional but with definite post construction
tectonic modification, can see fair amount of
pillow forms, bolsters and crude pillows, but no
fresh lava morphologies.
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 4 OF 9
79
TIME (Z)
1245
1248
1250
1251
1253
1254
DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1588m going over another ridge, elevations of ridges
10-15 m with narrow, ~5m wide crests,
just went over a crest and cannot see the slope
of the next ridge, continuing east, with down
SIT can see bottom must be ~ 15m down,
trying to descend to the bottom
have gone over a series of knife-edge ridges
all trending generally N-S to slightly NNE-SSW.
trying to figure out where we are, call up to
ship to see if they fix us. will proceed east
a bit more and then turn north, turning CTFM
to see if it can pick up closest slope, and to
determine if we have gone too far to the east.
1610m now on 40° sediment and talus covered slope
went to the SE a bit and now manuevering NE
towards sonar target turning towards the
north towards a wall i see out to port,
made statement about how the summit should
be readily identifiable based on flat seabeam
contours - NOW know that summit IS the knife
edge ridges and that seabeam cannot resolve the
narrow valleys in between so it maps it as a
relatively flat area with depth of the tops of the
ridges.
1598m o/c 040 going more NE, seafloor is gravel sized
talus and tabular rock pieced and some small
outcrops, looks like a series of pillow-wall ridges
1592m o/c 060
1584m o/c 050 - outcrops still more tabular than bolster
shaped, outcrops not young looking at all, some
large outcrops have crude bolster appearance
but no fresh glass or crusts.
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, IANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 5 OF 9
80
TIME (Z)
1256
1258
1300
1302
1303
1303.5
1305
1307
1312
1314
DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1577m now seeing larger outcrops, more bolster shapes
with talus in between, pillow forms look more
intact towards the top of the ridge
1574m JUST TOOK STATION #4- ROCK SAMPLE FROM
TOP OF A RIDGE
45-50° slope, continuing east over small gravel
talus and sed. seafloor with some bolster forms
1572m traversing 3 m above bottom, going up a
constructional pillow wall with large bolster
and tube shaped volcanic outcrop, more
recognizable lava forms and in litter condition
than see so far on this dive
1561m still going upslope generally east to NE
1557m going upslope 048° course, seeing some orange
fan coral, two lights have gone out on sub so
color camera not seeing as much.
1554 o/c 030 following top of one knife-edge ridges
to the NNE, very good lava forms pillows and
bolsters recognizable on the top of the ridge
whereas on the flanks there is much less outcrop
and more talus and sediment, crests of ridges are
narrow (~5m or width of sub)
c/c to 340°, 7-8 m off bottom
1559m about 3-4 m above bottom seeing stair-step
benches trending NNE, may be flow fronts
depth of top of summit based on seabeam is
close to ~ 1556m we are continuing to follow
the crest of this narrow ridge
1554m o/c 030° still following top of ridge, now going
due N to keep on top so they have small degree
of azimuthal variation from 030-000
#
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 6 OF 9
81
TIME (Z)
1317
1319
1325
1327
1329
1331
1306
1310
1337
START SIDE
1338
1340
1341
DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1560m o/c 000° still following top of ridge with outcrops
of bolster forms, talus and sediment - seeing
some fractures in terrain, the features may be
pillow walls built over eruptive fissures.
1562 making turn to investigate a slump scarp that
was prominent due to a whitish rim around the
collapse rim, ~5 meters in across dimension
1565m AT SAMPLE STATION #5
TOOK SAMPLE #5 rock sample
LEAVING SAMPLE STATION #5
current seem to be wafting stirred up sediment
to the west heading on course 350°
157 lm bottom dropping off a bit as we proceed to north
likely at the northern edge of the summit area
1554 o/c 026°
turning on CTFM again to check out surrounding
terrain - continuing north
1589m turning to 090° to check out feature that CTFM
shows about 100 yds to the east.
2 OF TAPE 1 OF 1
159 lm heading o/c 100° towards a CTFM contact, bottom
is ~15 m below sub. cant see it at the moment
1597m going back to bottom, have clear sonar contact
of valley between two ridges, two prominent
contacts with dark inbe tween still -10-12 m
above bottom
1602m still ~15 m above bottom heading for valley
1623 now heading down SSE in a valley between two
knife-edge ridges
1345
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 7 OF 9
82
TIME (Z) DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1346 1619m travelling about 1-2 m above seafloor
predominance of carbonate sediment with darker
basaltic sand/gravel and some shell lag deposits
most of valley floor is rubble, occasional outcrop
of basalt but no well-developed volcanic forms
1348 1607m proceeding up a valley, seems like we have crabbed
up the eastern wall of the valley and that there
is a sedimented covered bench off to east still
basically going south -160°
1350
1351
1353
1355
1537
1400
1406
1602m have been slowly going upslope to the south on this
heading travelling about 1 m altitude,
seeing more outcrops with hackly surfaces with
lots of sediment in the interstices, with also some
bolster forms, rapid transition to less outcrop and
more sediment
1598m valley we were travelling up seems to have merged
with a crest of the ridge to the east, continuing to
follow it to the south
1589m o/c 196 still following crest of ridge
have reset the ESC so it takes pictures automatically
1578m still heading south about 3 above bottom
crest of this ridge we are on now is heavily
sedimented with few outcrops or talus, Charlie
says it looks like we are on a small stair-step
bench
1574m still following crest of this ridge to SSW
spacing between ridge crests is 70-100 m
which is why seabeam can’t resolve.
1565m START OF SAMPLE STATION #6 NEAR TOP OF
RIDGE
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GRHVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 8 OF 9
83
TIME (Z) DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1409
1410
1411
1412
1415
1416
1418
1420
1426
1427
1432
1563m STATION #6 COLLECTED ROCK
will now proceed to the south
156 lm still going up ridge with narrow crest ~5m wide
and sharp drop offs to either side, general
perception is that fresher looking *( relatively)*
forms are on tops of the ridges while sides are
talus and sediment covered with occasional
outcrops.
continuing on course 190° seeing most of
black coral on tops of ridges
156 lm some of lava forms have what appears to be their
rinds but they are very smooth and with NO glassy
reflections, now going 170°
1555m heading south, seeing a few orange sea fans, one
stalkless crinoid proceeding on 180°, again
lava forms on top of ridge seem more intact and
1555m just passed over small anemone and some fan
corals, have seen about 4-5 so far
1558 turning to the right(to west and will head back to
the north to look in next valley over
155 lm heading into valley floor to continue traverse to
the north, hovering 15 m above bottom
1586 on valley floor, relief of ridges is ~30 m continuing
to the north, valley floors also narrow I can see
out to the west the E-facing slope of the next
ridge, floors contain mostly sediment with some
outcrops of rock and talus
1591m altitude is ~2m
1594 sitting on the bottom, lost one of the lift props.
Bob is checking it. seeing lots of shell fragments
ALVIN DIVE 2602/2603 29 MAY 1993 LUCKY STRIKE VENTS MAR.
FORNARI-PORT OBSERVER, LANGMUIR-STBD. OBSERVER, GREIVE-PILOT
FORNARI DIVE TAPE TRANSCRIPTION PAGE 9 OF 9
84
TIME (Z) DEPTH HDG. DESCRIPTION/STATIONS
1439
1444
1458
1502
stem shroud making sed. cloud, stbd lif prop
was not operational when we dove, and port
lift has gone out all of a sudden.
1586m dropped 1 weight trying to head up to the
north to continue traverse but ballast is
a problem we can’t get back down to bottom
even with pumping VB.
can still see bottom, mostly sediment with some
bolster and few pillow forms
1562m ~ 10-20 m above bottom can barely see bottom
Bob trying to get back to bottom,
1502m unsuccessful at getting back to bottom have to
end dive, will trip 2 bottles for ambient samples
1500m tripped 2 bottles, temp 4.8 2°C, heading up
END OF DIVE
1
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer ^Charles Langmuir J
TIME DEPTH HEADING COMMENTARY
Redeploying due to senosr cable problems
Deploying at longitude 16.7
1 156 1 705 Bottom in site. Sediment covered terrain
with small pillows sticking up. Pillows
virtually completely covered with sediment.
No altimeter. We are about seven meters off
bottom.
Settling on top of lava flow with hackly exterior
texture. Each rock piece is rust colored, indicating
alteration. We are on a steep slope.
1 158 Large tubes and pillows. Large "crinkly pillow".
Perhaps this texture is due to high gas content?
Picture 1 of crinkly pillow
1200 Large tubes 1/2 meter across. Lava tubes appeared
to flow down hill.
STATION 1
1203 1 706 Appears we are at edge of flow front, with talus.
There is a steep cliff below us, so we have not
landed in the deepest part of the basin
090 Traversing parallel to the face of the cliff. The slope
(large fish in view, sinuous tail, huge head, two
fish). There is a very steep slope, almost vertical,
with tubes and pillows draping down. At the base
there is a talus pile. All terrain still highly sediment
covered, with fish every few seconds.
1207 Looking down on flat, sandy terrain with many
small lava drips and a few broken fragments, with
some large plates. These are blocks and rubble, not
pillows.
Appear to be in a small basin. Pillows ahead.
090 Steep pillow mound ahead, with flat terrain with
broken pieces of talus on the side. 70% sediment
cover, with rubble sticking through.
1211 1688 Similar terrain. Steep slope, rubble.
1 68 1 Still steeper in the direction of the sub . T wo very
large block, one of which is a tube, the other a
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993
2
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
block. Both are not in place. Fish with large head,
bulbous head, 20" long, two fins.
1215 Steep talus slope with fallen irregular blocks. Sub
has only one prop. No biology on bottom. SHELL
FRAGMENTS, flashing pearly, some as large as a
couple of inches. More broken blocks that are
neither sheets nor pillows, 3-4M across. Still 70%
cover, any rock core would get mostly mud. Good
video image of the terrain at this time.
1216 1658 Steep slope ahead.
Heading up cliff face. The face is very sheer and
smooth; appears to be a long tongue (of magma?).
A very steep wall, with talus sticking out of it.
Appears to be consolidated fragements. What is this
thing? There are some fractures. A very steep
slope. Not clear what this is. Very massive.
STATION 2
1219 1643 088 Taking piece from massive sheet. Good
image of lava wall on color camera. Good
image of sample location on camera
1221 1642 Still sampling steep wall. Sample in camera
Dimensions are about 5" long and 3" wide. Sample
is friable and tends to fall apart, so its smaller.
1225 1639 074 Underway. SOME SHELL FRAGMENTS. Huge
pieces of basalt, with cracks now in the face. Two
sets of fractures. THe top is a knife edge ridge at a
depth of 1634 meters. As we cross the top, we can
look into the abyss on the other side. Good image
of the knife edge on the video. Talus slope at the
bottom of the other side. Down drop is 10 - 15
meters. It looks like a fault. There was no sediment
on the steep eastward facing face, but lots of
sediment behind. Now see a decent pillow. Lava
fragments in sediment.
Now heading up another slope; many blocks of
basalt, neither sheets nor pillows; lavas appear very
vesicular for MORB. More TRANSLUCENT
SHELL FRAGMENTS. Long tongue of lava with
hackly surface, lava tubes
Going up a slope. Slightly fresher lava, with
sediment in between blocks and pillows. Sediment
pathces of a few square inches between the lava
fragments. Some pillows, with vesicular texture.
1221??? 1626
87
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993 3
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
Cliff face with broken and fractured fragments on
the face. Then in tact pillow fragments. This is
classic pillow terrain, with mounds of pillows
overlapping, but this is a fractured surface, so the
scarp looks like text book examples of pillowed
terrain seen in outcrop. SHELL. There are little
pieces sticking out from the surface of the pillows
(later shown to be plagioclase). Surface of the lava
is crinkly, a little like an AA flow but without the
spines.
1233 1610 In pillowed terrain.
1609 STATION 3
Basalt from pillowed terrain. 8-12 inch sphere,
visible on video.
1238 1609 080
1240 1603
1242 1585
1243 1582
1244 1585
Underwar on 080. Black coral, lots of it,
occupying half the field of view, lying on the
sediment. .
Good image of coral in the color camera. A field of
coral. Now see several pillows some more than a
meter across. Highly irregular terrain, with
complex topography on a small scale. Going over a
classic small fault, with a gentle slope tgruncated by
a knife edge. Probably going up the western side of
the seamount, which appears to be a series of small
steps. Still lots of sediment, in between all pillows,
and dusting on all surfaces. A large drop off out my
window, going down so far cannot see bottom.
Stunningly steep drop off, down in two steps. The
first 10m below, the second not visible. Field of
view is sediment and coral. Steep drop off still
there.
Lost bottom.
Going off steep cliff, cannot see bottom. Now see
bottom, there is a steep slope, with broken
fragments of basalt and lots of sediment. There are
small "sandslides;" little landslides of talus and
dark, smaller than fist-sized basaltic fragments, with
some lava 1 tubes, again with this porous, hackly and
irregular surface.
88
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993 4
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
1250 1609 Starting to head up the slope. Huge fallen blocks of
basalt, there is a big ridge both to left and right of
sub.
1252 1597 036 Valley has lots of blocks of pillow fragments, with
steep slope going up to right. In a valley. The
basalts is definitley not fresh, and most of the basalt
is rubble or broken up massive flows— not pillows
or tubes. We are in a valley.
1254 1582 Heading up slope. Another black coral field. A
large pillow (unusual thus far in the dive. ) We are
going up a ridge, going down strongly to the right.
Now have tubes and pillows, in place, flowing
down slope to the right. This material is in place,
and is classic tube and pillow terrain. Two fish,
about 15" long. Very little sediment here at the top
of the ridge, and the basalt appears to be in place
and much less broken up, with much less sediment.
Lots of coral. But pillows are not all that young.
No sparkle from fresh glass.
1255 1574 060 Fresher pillows. Black coral, but not all that young
or fresh. Light dusting of sediment everywhere,
with coral on sediment between the pillows. Very
steep slope (70-80o) going down from the ridge.
1259 1575 STATION #4
Dimensions are about 5" x 4" x 8"
Exceedingly steep drop-off of some tens of meters.
Steep cliff descending down to flat valley floor.
Large pillows on top of ridge, draping summit. Can
see across valley to ridge on the other side. V-
shaped chute off to the right. Terrain very rugged,
with steep slopes and cliffs on a short scale. Cliffs
are cemented, consolidated small rocks, with
occasional big pillows, and significant amount of
talus that goes down hill.
1303 1556 Must be near shallowest point of seamount. Less
sediment. Old grey pillows, coral, the sea floor is
solid rock with very little sediment cover, but the
rock does not have a fresh appearance.
Nonetheless, a much fresher and younger terrain.
Going along summit ridge; very little sediment on
top of pillows and tubes that appear to be in place.
89
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993 5
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
1305
1554
Depth increasing. Going over a little saddle.
Hackly lava with big vesicles, large scale honey
combs. On a steep slope going up. Broken lava
and sediment on slope.
1310
1560
Large basaltic blocks, lobates, pillows, tubes. Big
mound of basaltic material with very little sediment.
Looks like a big loose pile of pillows and boulders.
Only life we have seen is a few fish , corals stuck to
basaltic surfaces, and shell fragements. Steep drop¬
off to the right
1314
1554
008
Steep-sided pillow ridge with little sediment on the
summit. Ridge is about ten meters wide, with steep
slopes on both sides
1315
1555
014
Large fish. SHELL FRAGMENTS.
1322
1562
010
Cemented solid surface with cobbles smaller than
fist-sized. A little less sediment.
1324
1565
STATION #5
1329
1565
Continuing along ridge. Similar terrain. 20%
sediment cover as we descend slightly. No more
large pillows, just large rock fragments.
1331
1572
090
Bottom 5-10 meters beneath the sub. Dropping
down to the bottom, where we will turn and head
south. Trying for a straight course, going along
valleys, thinking that may be the preferential site of
hydrothermal activity. NONE of this mateiial looks
like what was recovered in dredge 15.
1343
1615
Lot of sediment. SHELL FRAGMENTS and
vesicular lava. 100% sediment in field of view.
Occasional pillow blocks and crenulated basalt.
1345
1621
Valley bottom- heavily sedimented. Isolated red
shrimp in view. Small shark. 24" long. Huge
blocks of basalt with vesicles of all sizes.
1347
1611
177
100% sediment.
1350
1602
100% sediment, with fish hanging out in the
valleys.
1351
1595
175
Rising out of valley. Some pieces of basalt appear.
Now occupying 50% of terrain. These are broken
isolated blocks that appear to have fallen down
slope.
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993
6
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
100% sewdiment areas appear to be low points in
valleys. Just a few meters aboved that are layers of
coral, and then increasing amounts of basalt. Thus
a graded terrain, from all sediment, to coral growing
on rock frag.emts. to rock sitting on surface, with
less and less sediment, until there are mostly pillows
and tubes on tops of ridges.
1358
1578
177
1403
1564
1409
1563
171
1561
170
1414 1555
1417 1556
1558
1421 1555
1572
Massive cliff face with pillows and tubes flwoing
down it; appear to be in place.
50% sediment; 50% talus. Large pieces of pillows
with sediment. Lots of coral. Heading up steep
slope with pillows and tubes in place. In between
them are up to a square meter of sediment with black
coral sitting on top of it.
STATION #6 At the top of one of the ridges.
Drops off steeply to the right, but can see to bottom
of valley. Looks like 20m drop.
Another ridge.
Big sharp cliff, vertical face dropping 20meters on
right. Once again on taop of razor-backed ridge.
Tops of ridges are generally fresher, little sediment,
pillows and tubes in place. Talus piles at base of
cliff.
Same setting. Pillow ridge akin to some terrestrial
lava flows, with steep sides. Anemones, corals.
Pillows and lava tubes have smooth surfaces.
Steep drop-off in front and on both sides. Tubes
have clearly glowed downhill, some ends have
broken off. Now some sediment.
Virtually solid rock; broken up pillows and tubes.
Diamond shpe fish, thin in profile, large vertical
cross section.
Up steep cliff face made of piles of pillows. Large
coral fans. Long ridges appear to be more recent
flows, unsedimented on top.
Heading down steep cliff. Cliff face gives
appearance of rubble. Rough textured surface with
lots of rubble.
Now traversing a valley. 30% sediment.
1423
Alvin Dive 2603 May 29, 1993
Port Observer Dan Fornari STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
7
1426 1586
1439 1578
1565
1441 1554
Valley floor; talus blocks, sediment falls that have
come down ridges. We are proceeding towards the
north, hoping to find vent in local deep.
Lost thruster due to killing a shark with it. In front
is a cliff with tubes and pillows. 50% sediment.
Tubes have flowed downhill. In place with
sediment in between all of them.
Top of ridge is typical with big pillows.
Lost site of bottom.
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107
Alviv Dive 2604 May 30, 1993 1
Port Observer Sasaa llimphris STBD Observer Charles Ltogmoir
TIME DEPTH HEADING COMMENTARY
1696
0939 1696 000
1691 045
0955 1689 050
048
0959 1678
1001 1672
17.40 Lat 16.54 Long; see bottom
Flat and heavily sedimented. Gentle sedimented
slope off to the right. BROKEN SHELLS
Much water chaff. Significant current, that moves
steadily to the south at about 1/2 knot. Small lava
sticking up through the sediment (was it sulfide?),
but mostly sediment as far as the eye can see, with
total releif of other material of only a few inches.
Underway to waypoint 2. One massive lava block
at base of hill made nig indentation in sediment, and
has preferentially concentrated LARGE NUMBERS
OF SHELLS on the sedimented plain.
Heading up small ridge, at the top of which are
pieces of basalt rubble and pillow fragments.
Suddenly a significant fault drop off of many
meters. Altimeter no longer working. Bottom
looks like basalt rubble. Over valley that is flat and
sedimented, long eel -like creature, a cliff to the
right. Almost 100% sediment on the bottom; even
on the cliff there is substantial sediment cover.
Moving uphill. Thewre has been extensive mass
wasting. Smaller than fist-sized basalt rubble, and a
few very large blocks with the very contorted
external feature. Heading up smooth sedimented
slope with a few isolated blocks. Talus coming
from somewhere. Largest pieces have the very
contorted external appearance. Dusting of sediment
everywhere.
Mound in the distance about 8m high, consisting
primarily of rubble.
Series of steps. Where it is flat, highly sedimented
with no basaltic blocks, but on any slope the
%blocks increases to abouty 20%. So about 80%
sediment with large pillow blocks sticking through.
Current could take dusting off the big blocks and
deposits it around them. On the right there is a ridge
of basaltic rubble about 20m tall. WSith steepening
of slope, sediment decreases, so now mostly
basaltic material in the field of view. Black coral.
GOing up steep talus slope, with significant
Alvin Dive 2604 May 30, 1993
2
Port Observer S
1004 1652
1644
1009 1639
1026 1617
Qinphris
STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
landslides and mass wasting. Steep sided walls of
"gravel"
Rising up almost vertical face made up of basaltic
rubble, that would mass waste easily. As we reacn
the top, it appears to be a knife edged ridge. The
drop off on the other side is gradual. The top of the
ridge is 1644, so a 15m wall, topped by a flat region
with 80% sediment.
028 Bottom drops down. Depth is 1641 and 10-15
meters below is another valley. Black coral, some
very large chunks of it. Enormous amount of
rubble everywhere. Highly irregular terrain.
On the right is a 3 -4m drop-off (a flow front
margin?) Appears to be a series of flows, separated
by flatter terrain that is mostly sediment covered.
Looks like a series of more recent flows covering an
older terrain.
Appears to be elongfate ridges formed by laval
flows, with pillows and tubes flowing off of them.
THe flow has broken up the material to create the
massive rubble beneath. As if during flow the
whole flow has been contorted and broken up by the
eruptive process.
Coral is on faces that face north. Southern facing
slopes have no coral. Since the current flows south,
the coral sit on the north-facing slopes to get their
nutrients.
Tops of ridges have pillows and tubes that have less
sediment. Sides are broeken up rubble. Valleys
separating the flows are flat and sedimented
covered. The tops of the flows have the most recent
material , that is relatively pristine and not broken
up. Interiors have turned over and been crushed
and broken, leading to the steep rubbly walls.
Photos of coral on northern faces.
Huge cliff face, made of basalt rubble. 17.55,
16.314 About 1 00m from waypoint.
035 Landslides have areas of black sand. Heading up
rubble slope. Typical side of one of the ridges,
made up of busted-up rock.
Alvi* Dive 2604 Ma y 30. 1993
3
Port Observer Svsaa Hwnphris STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
1030 1595
035
1033 1587 022
1038
000
1041 1574 020
1044 1564
Photo of typical rubbled, ridge side. This type of
material occurs primarily on the steep slopes.
Intermixed with them are the large, meter-sized
pillow fragments. Ridges are typically 10-20 meters
tall.
No indication of anything unusual. No fresh rock,
no exceptional biology.
Carpet of coral. Rocks have high vesicle content,
and probably plag phenocrysts sticking out from the
surface. Some coral with a little sediment on it.
Much of the terrain appears to be a vast coral
wasteland.
Gentle slope of 10 degrees. Sedimented, but with
coral covering 30% of the surface. Some isolated
basaltic blocks.
Within some tens of meters of target, 17.6, 16.3.
We re on the top of a ridge, steep down to left,
moderately steep down to right. A coral colony,
with some pillows. Black coral everywhere.
Lost screen printout
Good view of valley to the right. On a slope,
typical terrain. A single living orange coral in a field
of dead black coral. Sponge growing on black
coral. Sloping steeply to right, 50% black coral.
Coral and rubble on the surface.
Still heading uphill, sloping down to right. Nothing
fresh- old rocks, dead coral. Some coral clumps are
as much as a cubic meter. Stalks of tree coral
growing here and there out of sediment. Little
igneous material.
Terrain is quite flat, with more than 50% sediment
cover, with broken blocks sticking up.
Approaching summit. Wispy coral waving slightly
in the current. Occasional stuff growing out of or
on top of black coral. Not clear whether it is part of
it. Orange fan, for example, growing on black coral
substrate. Now nearing summit.
1047
1558
Large pillows, not so broken up. Much less
sediment cover. The characteristic of tops of ridges,
at the shallowest depths. Top of ridge. Like
110
Alvim Dive 2604 May 30. 1993 4
Port Observer Sasaa Kliaphris STBD Observer Charles Laagaair
1053 1558
1106
1109 1558
yesterday, there are large blocks, not so broken up,
pillows and tubes with less sediment. Basalt looks
vesicular. Lava tubes flowing downhill. A narrow
ridge about 5 meters across.
STATION #2
Sample from narrow peak of pillow ridge. The
most pristine rock we see.
Photo ov view along the knife ridge. 17.7 16.25. on
the SE corner of the high, at 1560m depth. On the
summit, then we will proceed due north to where
dredge left bottom , and then survey on N-S lines.
Departing from top of pillow ridge.
Bottom substantially deeper than sub-depth. Rubble
far beneath us. Grand and large view from this
altitude, shows nothing new.
1112 1567 339
1113 1572
356
1116 1572
1568
1118 1565 001
1122
Bottom far beneath us looks completely sedimented.
Coming to slope, but the valley bottom is a
sedimented plain. As slope grades upward, there is
the gradual increase in talus.
Strike of the valley is about 030. More of the same.
50% sediment, mass wasting, black coral
Probable depth 1575. Gradually heading up slope.
Dipping steeply to right, lots of pillows. Goes
uphill towards the left, probably towards central
summit.
Sloping steeply to the right. 17.83, 16.27. This is
the probable off-bottom position for the dredge.
Orange alteration and white surfaces that looks like
it could result from a seep of some kind. No
apparent life. We are near the top of a ridge. White
sediment with orange alteration; turning back, there
is black junk with orange alteration from a small
localised area near the top of one of the ridges.
Water appears cloudy. Looking around, we are at
the base of a steep slope, rubble all around, steep
slopes in the distance. Is this a hole or a valley?
1124
1578
005
Alvi* Dive 2604 May 30, 1993
5
Port Observer S«su Hvmpbris STBD Observer Cbauies Langmuir
1126
1580
Normal terrain. Deep water red shrimp. Lots of
rubble. Valley floor is flat and sedimented, with
steep rubbly slopes.
1126
1585
265
Floor depth
1129
1567
205
Heading up a slope.
1133
1557
Bottom barely visible many meters beneath us.
Bottom is basaltic rubble with a few larger blocks.
180
Moving sideways in the sub. Sloping steeply off to
the right.
1137
1570
Nothing visible.
1564
Steep rubble slope, 60-70 degrees.
1146
1561
038
Turning north, following a razor-backed pillow
ridge with very steep slopes. Ridge has a strike of
about 030.
1558
039
Heavily sedimented with a few blocks sticking
through.
1151
Come up on another ridge. Top is not as fresh as
other ridges. Top of ridge is as rubbled as the
sides. But slopes steeply to the right. Basalt is very
vesicular. Ridge has a strike of about 035, like the
others.
1152
1563
Still on top of ridge. 30% sediment, pillows, black
coral. No recent activity, no life.
1200
1562
205
Steep slope going down to flat valley far below us.
1201
1564
Typical bottom. 50% sediment, coral, large pillow
blocks and rubble.
Bottom of this valley differs in being less
sedimented, and being covered mostly with rock
rather than sediment. Looks more like the tops of
ridges rather than the bottoms of valleys. We are all
excited byt the bottom of a valley that is not
sediment covered.
1568
202
STATION# 3
1211
1562
216
Underway from station #3. Going up a ridge,
which dips steeply at 60-70 degrees
Alvia Dive 2604 May 30. 1993
6
Port Observer Sasaa Humphris STBD Observer Charles Laiganir
1213 1559 200
1217 1565
1565 105
1230 1594
1232
1234 1600 215
1247 1600 010
1248
1253 1630 030
1258 1579 000
Still on ridge
Nothing visible.
Making our way gradually across the eastern
seamount. Beneath us is basalt rubble, some large
pieces. Mostly rubble. On pillows and tubes, on
fresher end of the range we have seen. Not on top
of a ridge. Moderate sediment only.
We're approaching a circular ridge. More sediment.
Steeply descending, rubbly slope. No good pillow
forms, lots of rubble. SHELL FRAGMENTS now
showing up, translucent and glowing.
Subtly different appearance. A large pile of rubble
that may have incorporated sediment into it. In
some cases cemented, but there appears to have
been significant internal movement. A pile of
poorly sorted rock fragments, significant reworking
has changed all this into a mixture of mud and rock.
Do rock pieces have plag crystals sticking out of
surface?
Can see narrow valley at bottom of rubble slope.
Heading north up a slope. Meter-sized tubes and
pillows that appear to have flowed downhill and to
be in place. Square meter patches of sediment
between the lava.
Steep cliff off to the right, a drop-off into the next
valley. Basalt appears to be quite vesicular.
Rubbly surface of reworked small rock fragements
and sediment.
Vista of a valley between ridges. Sedimented on the
bottom, with mounds on the bottom, with bunches
of shell fragements on it. Sediment slides of fine¬
grained black sediment. (Probably old sulfide
material). Appears to be a pit in topography.
Steep slope of pillows and tubes that appear to have
flowed downhill, and to have remained in place.
Some tube ends have broken off. Coral. Some
sediment in between the pieces of lava. In the valley
described as a pit before.
Alvim Dive 2604 Mm y 30. 1993
Port Observer Svsaa Humphris
7
STBD Observer Cbaries Lang m air
1301 1565
1563
1561 010
1551 090
1327 1558 090
180
1340 1566
1350 1588
1354 1594
1358 1605
1426 1580 208
1432 1598
Ascending large mound of pillows and tubes, with
coral between the lava. Reached a minimum depth.
At the top of the feature, but a significant amount of
sediment is present.
Steep slope heading down to the right. Large
pillows covered with coral , and patches of
sediment.
Proceeded further north than the dredge, at the NW
corner of the high, so we will proceed further east
and follow a valley towards the south.
Heading east over a valley, see the bottom far
below. Sedimented bottom, but not clearly visible.
Having crossed valley, we are at a depth of
Top of the next ridge over. Razor-backed ridge.
We're passing over the top of it.
Nice vista across valley. Can see valley between
ridges. Talus, sediments, black coral, the routine
bottom picture. Coming to end of the valley, a
north facing slope. Steep slopes, meter-sized
pillows, sediment.
Classic lava tube terrain. Criss-crossing lava tubes
flowing down slopes. Only the cracks inbetween
the tubes has sediments in it. A steep slop, but not
broken up.
Looking out ovewr another valley with rubbled
terrain. Heading west two valleys.
Reached the top of the next ridge over. Drops off
very steeply down the western side. Top of the
ridge is rocky rubble rather than pillows and tubes.
Can see down other side, which is very steep.
Heading north up this valley bewteen ridges.
Extensive mass wasting.
Heading down a valley. A less sedimented lava
tube terrain, that was a subsidiary ridge that came
out from bigger ridge and covered sedimented
terrain. Sedimented rubble follows.
PUSH CORE ATTEMPT We are in one of the
western valleys. Susan taken picutres of corals.
114
Alvi* Dive 2604 May 30, 1993 8
Port Observer Svsu Humphris STBD Observer Charles Langmuir
1442
1594
Out starboard side we have standard rubbly bottom.
Bottom no longer visible. Lots of rubble on the
slope. Push core not working.
1446
1606
Bottom about 1620 to 1625.
1450
1614
Heavily sedimented terrain. A different age. There
is solid sediment with very little sticking up through
it. Now a few loose blocks are on top. No clear
original igneous morphologies in this area.
160
A slope heading off towards the west. Blocks and
sediment, with the slope heading down as far as we
can see.
1529
At the hydrothermal site. Chimney is about 4 feet
high, one foot across at the base. Mound is about
ten feet across. Rust colored material around.
Broken off material has fallen off and slid downhill ,
with mussels living on it. A living wall of mussels.
1531
1636
Camera is on starboard video. Driving over the top
to look down. Weatehr going to hell on the surface.
Can see a series of flanges sticking out. Site is in
the middle of the terrain that looks old, sedimented,
and unlikley as a host to hydrothermal activity that is
driven by a recent magmatic heat source.
115
Cruise Alvin Atlantis on Lucky Strike area.
Charlie Langmuir Chief Scientist
Dive : Alvin # 2605
Date : 31 May 1993 Monday
Pilot : Pat Hichey _ _
Port Observer : (baniel Desbruyeres^
Starboard Observer : Debra Colodner
Dive Report
Hours
Heading
Depth
X
Y
Observations
344
On the bottom very sedimented talus
9h46
349
Turn face to the slope
9h49
On site # LS 1
9h52
70
1636m
2199
2932
Around the site dead shells
9h56
1639m
Observing flanges and pools
Very beautiful shot of the pool and its
interface + sea urchin living above the
flange. Few mussels are living just
under the pool's interface. Shimmering
water is flowing at the edge of the
flange. The is a small population of sea
urchins close to the edge. Likely they
enter inside the vent's domain.
lOhOO A close view of three sea urchins and a
view of an isolated one which is very
close to the shimmering water Mussels
are very close to the hot water.
Trying to mozaic with the Marquest
camera the site.LS# 1
lOhIO 90 Small sea urchin. Still working with the
Marquest camera. Trying to find a good
exposure (overexposed frames of the
white edge of the flandge and pool)
10h25 Disposal of the fish trap at the edge of
the flange
10h26 Making temperature measurements
under the flange inside the pool : 197°C-
196.2°C Changing the position of the
probe then : 192.5°C-195°C
Starting lately the still camera (very
sorry)
10h31 Sampling fluid under the flange (the
bottle make a cloud of flocks-bacterial
mats ?)
10h59
Sampling a sea urchin.
1 1 h -
1 1 hi 0
handing one Kadko toaster at the flange
edge (?)
A fish is under one flange with mussels
116
1 1 h25-
1 1h26
1 1 h45
12h10-30
12h45
12h46-
13h25
13h25
13h28 180
Cruising to the fish - Low temperature
probe half a meter from the flange edge
t=5.7°C the probe is among mussels
and bacterial mats (the ambiant at the
port hole level is 4.6°C. At the far edge
of the mussel bed the probe displays
5.86°C-5.81°C. In the center of the
mussel bed 7°C. The hot water 6°62 at
the edge of the mussels
Near the first flange measuring urchin
temperature off the vent : 4.96°C vs
4.68°C at the window. Among mussels
at the same spot 4.92°C
At the exact location where we sampled
urchin few minuts ago : 5.41 °C max.
Which means Urchins are penetrating
inside the hydrothermal domain
5 cm from the flange 44°C but no
mussels are living there. Inside the
mussel clump 8.0°C-7.80°C
Where do we'll dispose the two
temperature recorder ? The low
temperature probe was deployed at the
edge of the the flange (the tip of the
probe is inside shimmering water. More
difficult to dispose the Hi-temperature
probe which needle had to be bent to
stay in upright position under the pool.
Sampling sulfide at the top of the dead
chimney which is located at the top of
the site We dispose a marker (#1) at the
very top of the dead smoker.
Close-up uf the mussel beds with the
arm video camera (close to the main
flange) and sampling mussels with net
(these mussels were fixed in formalin in
toto for further sorting)
We leave the site southward for
exploration
Talus with dead shells -a fish
Sulfide
Small site with shimmering waters
Smoker fragments with blue green
coloration (copper ?) Marker # 2
13h46
2211
2835
1641
117
rubbles with dead shells with oxydes
and sediment
13h50 2231 2840 A new site with a double smoker which
one of them is shimmering
The very top of the smoker is not active
shimmering water is comming from the
whole surface of the smoker where
mussels are living, (billions (?) of
, mussels)
14h01 2232 2846 Measuring temperature of the
• shimmering water coming from the
intermediate smoker : 192°C. Then
erasing the top of the smoker : 192.5°C
The smoker is on a slope, it is about 8
meters tall. The marker is # 3 and
situated at the proximity of the active
smoker (northern edge). A bunch of
shrimps are living among mussels.
14h01 2223 2836 1625 We are sampling fluid inside the clear
smoker. Good shots for the arm video.
1 4h1 5 We are changing the tape of the
Marquest camera and the pilot is doing
a mozaic of the smoker
14h42 We sample sulfide at the top of the
smoker with few small mussels which
will be deep frozen, fixed in ethanol and
formalin
14h46 We drop the weights to surface.
in conclusion : The vent communities seen todays in the ".Lucky Strike" area are surprisingly simple.
Dominated, by far, by one (?) species of mussel (to be confirmed), they looks poorly diversifies as
compared to Pacific vent areas as well as on EPR, NEP than in SW, BAB. They looks rather similar
speaking of specific diversity than TAG or Snake Pit assemblages. The presence of sea-urchin is rather
unusual but remind the occurence in low temperature vent in North Fiji Basin of another echinoderm
belonging to synaptid holothurians. The quasi - absence of carnivorous/scavengers animals (excepted
very few fishes) is a prominent feature : no Bythograeid crab, no galatheid. Filter feeding organisms,
generally thriving at the edge of the vent areas are absent (serpulids or barnacles). No unusual
concentration of "usual” deep-sea fauna was seen at the exception of few fishes (one Chimera sp.... ).
The size of the modiolids are also unusual : the size of the largest mussel does not exceed usual
shallow water Mytilids. Polynoids (scale worms) are rather frequent among the mussel bed and also
living as symbionts inside mussels. It will be rather interesting to determine the metabolisms of symbiotic
bacteria associated with mussel as well as the nature of the gas contained in the fluid (methane vs.
H,S).
118
Cruise Alvin Atlantis on Lucky Strike area.
Charlie Langmuir Chief Scientist
Dive : Alvin # 2605
Date : 31 May 1993 Monday
Pilot : Pat Hichey
Port Observer : Daniel Desbruyeres
Starboard Observer : Debra Colodner
Dive Alvin # 2605 was devoted to the study of the formerly discoverded site (Marker
# 1) (1) to map the extend of the site and biological communities, (2) to sample water,
animals and sulfide, (3) to record the temperature where the main populations of
animals are living (4) to deploy two temperature recorder (hi and lo) and (5) to
determine if there is other sites nearby.
A- At the site "Marker # 1" : The site consist of flanged (Pagoda like) sulfide on basalts
with above tall "dead" smokers.
A- (1 ) The site was maped using frames of the Marquest Camera to be analyze later.
A- (2a) Water (3x1 pair) was sampled under the inferior flange, in a pool where we
measured a temperature of 197°C and where further long term recording display a
constant temperature of 204°C (Dan Fornari data).
A- (2b) The biological community is dominated by a mozaic of small mussel beds
which individual size looks 1/4m2 and which looks very heterogeneous speaking of
length distribution. The maximum size of mussels is rather short (40-50mm) and the
high frequency of young (i.e. small) individuals is surprising as compared to other vent
sites in the world ocean. An other prominent component of the fauna is a small
population (tens) of sea-urchin distributed at the inner periphery of the vent. Associated
fauna is made of free and symbiotic scale worms (polynoid polychaetous annelids) and
shrimps belonging to the genus Chorocaris (two species according to Van Dover).
Samples of the fauna were made using a net in the upper part of the lower flange and
mussel bed part was also sampled from sulfide. Close up video was performed with
the arm camera to describe the faunal distribution. A fish belonging to Chimeridae was
caugth with the net at the periphery of vent. An other fish belonging to Ophididae is
living close to a mussel bed under a flange (without visible shimmering water).
According to Saldanha, this fish was belonging to the same species than the one
119
caugth during the dive # 2606.
A- (2c) Two pieces of sulfide were sampled: the first from the flange, the second from
top of the spire situated a the center of the mound. A chunk of basalt was also
sampled at the base of the site.
A- (3) Mussel bed temperature range from 5° to 7° C, when ambient is 4.6°C. Urchin
are located when temperature exceed by 0.2°C ambient to a maximum of 5.41 °C (only
few measurements).
A- (4) Fornari's recorder were deployed one under the flange with probe bented to be
inside the "pool" (Hi) when low probe was situated inside the turbulent mixing area at
the edge of the flange.
B-. A small site was located 100m SSW of the marker #1 it is a small shimmering
water vent (no temperature measurement) with few clumps of mussels inside a large
area or extinct sulfide (broken chimneys) with some patches displaying green copper
coloration. The marker # 2 was deployed. A fragment of oxidized sulfide was sampled.
C- 30 m ENE of the marker # 2 a greater site was located on the slope of a talus: It
is coumpound of two tall joint chimney which top one is extinct and which measure
about eight meters. A small smoker is still active at the middle of the smallest one. The
venting fluid is clear and the temperature is 192.5°C. Most of the surface of the small
smoker is covered by a dense population of mussels and a rather important population
of shrimps ( Chorocaris spp.). Mussel beds are scarser on the tall part of the edifice.
The shimmering water looks going through the mussels bed and temperature later
recorded (dive # 2606) was 7 - 13°C.. The marker # 3 was deployed : a pair of Ti-
syringes was operated at the active smoker and a spire of extinct sulfide, atop the tall
smoker, was sampled. Fish were located inside the scree at the bottom of the
smokers.
Conclusion: The vent communities seen todays in the "Lucky Strike" area are
surprisingly simple. Dominated, by far, by one (?) species of mussel (to be confirmed),
they looks poorly diversified as compared to Pacific vent areas as well as on EPR,
NEP than in SW, BAB. They looks rather similar speaking of specific diversity than
TAG or Snake Pit assemblages. The presence of sea-urchin is rather unusual but
120
reminds the occurence in low temperature vent in North Fiji Basin of another
echinoderm belonging to synaptid holothurians. The quasi - absence of carnivorous /
scavengers animals (excepted very few fishes) is a prominent feature : no Bythograeid1
crab, no galatheid. Filter feeding organisms, generally thriving at the edge of the vent
areas are absent (serpulids or barnacles). No unusual concentration of "usual" deep-
sea fauna was seen at the exception of few fishes (one Chimera sp... ). The size of
the modiolids are also unusual : the size of the largest mussel does not exceed usual
shallow water Mytilids. Polynoids (scale worms) are rather frequent among the mussel
bed and also living as symbionts inside mussels. It will be rather interesting to
determine the metabolisms of symbiotic bacteria associated with mussel as well as the
nature of the gas contained in the fluid (methane vs. H2S).
i
One brachyuran crab was seenduring the next (# 2606) dive by the pilot who tried to capture it but
unsuccessfully. It (or a friend od it) was captured during dive # 2607. This individual clearly belongs to.Bythograeids.
I
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127
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MAY 31, 1993 LOW-T PROBE S/N103
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148
Dive 2607
Pilot: Dudley Foster
Port: Cindy Van Dover
Stbd: Tony Emerson
0815
0859
0915
0918
0929
0921
0923
0932
0933
0934
0935
0935
0936
0938
0938
0939
0940
0941
0941
0942
0943
0945
0949
0950
0952
1011
Launch. Surface water temp. 17. 94C
Marquest Test OK
1690 Bottom Approach. Vent site at 1635. Will be driving up slope to vent site 1.
1690 On the bottom. Started Video. Port Camera to 15 sec rep rate.
On sedimented slope with outcrops of talus.
Continuing upslope, looking for fresh basalt.
Sedimented talus slope; a few large outcrops. Bottom temp. = 4.56C. Drop site bears 50
m, 180.
Cameras to 30 sec rep rate.
Small polychaete in water column, small shrimp, but water is generally pretty clean.
1 693 First sample from sheet flow 8x6x6 in stbd aft bin (subsequently discovered to have missed
the bin), x = 2135 y = 2987. Images of sample site on videotape.
Transiting to the vent site.
In field of sediment with black staining. Orange coloration.
1686 Going up talus slope. Beyond area of discoloration. Still outcrops, small talus pieces.
Looks weathered and, in some places, altered.
Shell chaff on seafloor coming from upslope somewhere, x = 2140 y = 2939.
1680 Continuing on traverse toward target. Shell chaff.
Off the bottom. Turning toward Vent Site 1.
Going up talus slope.
Sulfides... orange staininglooks like downspout drains with source and downslope fan.
Scale ~ .75 m.
Going up a massive sulfide block. Where orange staining was observed, it was just a
particularly oxidized patch of the massive sulfide. Some white staining on sediment.
Sulfide is very irregular, nubby, with a texture distinct from fresh basalt, but confusingly
similar to heavily weathered basalt. Sulfide looks cemented, in place, with dusting of
sediment. If this is truely all sediment it is a substantial mound. At break in slope is
heavier sediment cover.
1656 Still heading toward vent site 1 up slope.
Shell chaff on sediment surface. Mostly small fragments, but occasionally nearly intact
valves. They are chalky white.
1642 Cracked, plate-like ?sulfide surface. Cracks filled with mussels; with white staining or
bacteria. Cracks are elongate seams only 2-3 cm wide and stuffed full of small (~ < 3 cm
length) mussels. Attempted a push core here but surface is too hard to penetrate.
Site 1 is 17 m away.
1648 Good video of cracks.
Linear zonation of staining along cracks with distal tan pelagic sediment, changing to a 2-3
cm zone of darker brown proximal to the crack.
Heading upslope, passing over a lot of shell chaff and cracks in ?sulfide plate crust.
1643 Mussel chaff. Shells here are not as chalky, they still have their periostracum, so this is
clearly fresher material.
At Vent Site 1 . Flange pool on video. Will attempt MARQUEST imaging of ambient light.
Frame 5 == bin factor of 4, 4 sec exposure. Frame 4 = bin factor of 4, 4 sec exposure.
Taking bias pictures while Dudley tries for shrimp ( = frames 8,9). With strobe on.
Still at vent 1. Large (2-3 cm) white polynoid on sulfide of mussel bed. Mixed sizes of
mussels in bed, as seen on video from previous dives. They appear to be sorted by size,
with larger mussels on bottom, smaller mussels on top.
149
1020
1025
1036
1041
1046
1048
1104
1107
1111
1115
1122
1116
1117
1118
1119
1122
1124
1127
1128
1128
1129
1134
1135
Frame 11 on ESC. Spire with 2 urchins. Frame 12 is flange.
Dudley is taking video of paper weight. Attempted to take ESC as well.
Not enough shrimp to slurp successfully. Will place long-term temp probe here, on bed of
mussels. Tip of probe is several inches from growing edge of the flange. Base is further
back. Lo probe temp at tip of probe: 6.2° C.
MARQUEST images of lo-temp probe.
1627 Leaving Site 1 .
Over shell chaff.
Site 3. Slurping shrimp. Hand-held pictures of mussels and sulfide structures. Dudley is
collecting large white gastropod.
1624 Slurping. Attempted to get hand-held shots of egg capsules on basalt through viewport.
Egg capsules are clustered, but not tightly spaced. About a dozen located on a bare patch
of sulfide adjacent to main mussel bed. Capsules look like miniature Hershey’s Kisses.
Looking for fish trap.
Leaving Site 3.
1630 Passing by a large mound but we are too high to distinguish anything.
Off the bottom, heading downslop, west.
100m west of Vent Site 3, about to turn for southerly transect to Site 4.
Near bottom. Slope on my side. White staining, shell chaff, x = 2137 y = 2828. White
bacteria or staining. Forward are mussels. Lots of mussels. Cracks in crust like before,
with bacteria.
No focused flow, no smokers. Green staining on rocks. Substrate looks like massive
sulfide. Certainly no glassy basalts.
Slightly sedimented sulfide, green staining, shell chaff. No mussels. Weathered edifices,
slumps. Up ahead, diffuse flow and mussels, to port, some spongy-looking oxides light
and dark orange. Mussels, fish. Shell chaff, heding 184.
1672 Along slope, white staining, some sediment. Still looks like sulfide.
Continuing on southerly heading. Orange oxidized sulfides, green staining.
Off the bottom, over downslope.
1685 Flat bottom. Sedimented area, with small outcrops. Some shell chaff. Looks like
sedimented old basalt. No black coral, but we are in a valley. Still going slightly
downslope. Major relief is cm scale.
1690 Small haystack to port. Shell chaff. At a break in topography, with downslope ahead.
x =2167 y = 2552. Drop-off is a couple meters. To another flat area, with slight upslope.
Still over flat stuff, with very low relief.
Over ?sulfide. Plates. Lots of shell chaff. White staining, orange staining.
Rivulets of staining. Shell fragements look like a beach on Cape Cod... small cm fragments
of sulfide and shells. Upslope is mussel clump.
At Eiffel Tower. Downslope are mussel clumps and flanges similar to Site 1 . Flat platey-
sulfides downslope 3-4 m from mussels. Push core.
Black smoker on color video. Live mussels.
Mussels to port. Brown staining.
Not much to make of a peripheral fauna. The periphery is more demarcated by shell chaff
than anything else. Dominant fauna is obviously mussels, but there is patchiness. There
are patches of shrimp, patches of egg capsules, patches of green gastropods, clusters of
white gastropods.
Shrimp density and behavior reminiscent of shrimp in peripheral regions of TAG. This
analogy is more accurate than to shrimp at Galapagos vents. There is a clump of large
mussels close to some of the more intensely shimmering water.
High temperature probe measurements: 321 °C (reading; add ambient to get real temp, i.e.
~326C).
Dudley's description of the site: "Tall, skinny with mussels growing on the side."
Mound 1.5 m diameter. Black smoke in filigree curtain at the top.
150
1207
1209
1215
1228
1241
1246
1305
1306
1316
1324
1329
1331
1335
1402
1403
1403
1706 Target is at 1710 m. Bottom is sedimented. Broken-up old stuff. Small pieces of shell
chaff.
Coming up on Mkr 6. To port: white staining, orange oxidized sulfide, inactive small spire,
some small mussels and shimmering water. Other short, ,25m high extinct chimneys.
1710 Taking water sample. Hydroids on sulfides and small cracks with mussels.
Export of white flocc from small venting crack on seafloor. Crab down in the crack, well-
hidden.
Finished water bottle ("black"). Dudley thinks "6" was not in the flow and so did not sample
well. Chimney was really pretty wimpy.
Leaving Mkr 6, heading toward small black smokers.
1708 x = 2154 y = 2380 at site with fairly intense flow. Some biology - mussels. Chimney
Dudley will sample is short, ~ 0.5 m, with solid orange-oxidized base and black fresh sulfides
on top. The black portion disintegrated when Dudley tried to collect a sample. Flow is now
more vigorous. Dudley takes a water bottle.
Hi Temp probe deployed in orifice where Dudley collected "green" water sample.
1 707 Good color video of temp probe in sulfide. Mkr 7 deployed here about 1 meter from probe,
along with DSPL flag on temp probe.
Waiting for dust to clear. Video of DSPL sticker on float.
Dudley samples sulfide at base of chimney and opens up a new orifice where he removes
the piece. So the small mound that had a single orifice where the long-term temp recorder
was placed, now has two orifices. Look for a temperature fluctuation at this point on the
long-term record.
Heading to next target, 33 m, 125°.
At another black smoker chimney. Small piece of sulfide collected from orifice, x = 2176
y = 2356.
1708 Setting up to sample. Temp 314°C. "Blue" water bottle.
Left site. No marker left behind. No distinguishing features. 2-3 m high, 5 m diameter at
base. One orifice.
Over shell chaff, heading 250°. Looks like some sulfide.
Coming up on some bacteria and mussels in sulfide cracks. Big bed of mussels. Flat bed
of mussels and nodule-like sulfide chunks. Puffy orange oxides, cracks, plate-like sulfides
in a small valley.
151
Alvin 2608 K. L. Von Damm. Port TY. Fouquet. starboard: P. Hickev. pilot!
9:12 X 1758 Y 2619
We are facing a large exposed scarp, very vertical, that is sediment covered.
Still cameras went on, video went on just a minute ago. We are over this large
pit. It is a 90° wall in front of us, that is probably basaltic with a sediment cover
on it. Our X 1759 Y is 2620.
(Pat, the Pilot) We are on the bottom depth 1730, altitude 1 guess about 10,
[note: altimeter was broken] . neutral trim 1652 at 7.4° C, weight 190.
9: 15 Picture 1 at 9:15 of a shark swimming by. The wall in front of us has been
vertical. This entire area is fairly heavy sedimented. There is a lot material in
the water column. Pat sees a fish of the type he saw the other day. Is the
bottom fairly close on your side Yves, because it looks like it is sloping off down
to the port side. Yes it is.
We are pretty close to the start point 1 can go back up hill if you wanted to start
it. Why don’t we head toward to what was supposed to be our first point which
is X 1750 and Y 2590. We’re within 14 meters of it. Of that? That was our first
target. This was supposed to be the deepest point. We were going to go up hill
a little from here. We want to go mostly to the south from the first point,
because the next point is X 1750, Y 2405. That is dead east. Oh no, I take it
back. Do you want to stay to the deep or follow the course back because it will
take us up the scarp. Lets try to go to the next point, because it will take us up
the scarp a bit. Well, lets go up hill a little bit, because this should be about the
deepest point.
9:18 We are starting to go towards the first point, which is going to be about due
south. The bottom that we are going over is quite heavily sedimented, and it is
dipping very very steeply (about a vertical slope) off to the east. I don’t think it
is entirely pelagic sediment. It could be that some of the sediment might be
hydrothermal because it is a darker color, but it is hard to tell. As we are going
up the wall, it does not appear to be really talus. It appears to be a bit of a
knobby type outcropping with some striations or possibly some layered flows, but
again everything is sediment covered.
9:20 Depth 1706 m.
The sediment does appear to be variegated in color. Our total depth at this point
is reading 1706. Looks to me like now we are coming over the edge of this
slope.
9:21 X 1761 Y 2523. Depth 1697 m,
I can see that it is platy and looks like the material just truncates. It is heavily
sedimented. I see a piece of broken-off spire I think, a piece of chimney,
although it is just a piece laying on some pillow shaped forms. This is
152
hydrothermal here, this is sulfide here. It is at least sulfide sediment. It is
sulfide, there is nothing active but I’m pretty sure with this rust color. And
there is a piece of broken off chimney over here that looks quite old and rotting.
We have switched to the color camera on the video. You can see the orange
staining here. That is sulfide. It would appear that a lot of the constructional
features we’ve been seeing over the last couple of days, because now we are at
the deepest point, is actually sulfide, we are going to keep traversing looking for
that new glass, our X is 1761 and our Y 2523. It appears that we are getting
good fixes because we are getting good updates. As we are continuing to
traverse our depth is 1697 m. And as we are coming up this slope I see
additional hydrothermal sediment. It seems to be covering over talus, that I think
is basaltic talus for the most part. Large blocks, about 0.5 meter or 1 meter in
diameter. Some of them are rounded in shape, but it would appear that it is
mostly a hydrothermal sediment covering on them. Our heading it at this time is
190 as we want to head to the south to where we are hoping to find younger
flows.
9:25 I think there are some large pieces of fallen down chimney out also on the port
side at 9:25. Again, it is lot of hydrothermal sediment and hydrothermal staining.
Pat sees big fractures as we are continuing up slope. Our depth now is 1685 m.
Are fractures are cutting into the wall? We are following one up.
Again, I’m seeing some basaltic pieces but think a lot of sulfide and obviously
hydrothermal sediment. Basically everything is pretty well covered in
hydrothermal material and is like a lithified sediment out of hydrothermal
materials.
We are continuing upslope there is no sign of shell chaff which earlier divers
suggested was indicative of hydrothermal activity. The slope is about a 45°
angle, again much of the material is sulfide, some of the material appears to be
basaltic. Everything is heavily sediment covered and heavily lithified. A couple
of small coils ??.
9:27 Depth 1675 m.
We are coming up into a flatter area. Our depth is now 1675 m. I am seeing
altered, very old looking, sulfide sediments and now again large sulfide blocks.
A lot of sulfide! This is predominantly sulfides. Yves is seeing lobate lavas. I
keep seeing lumps of sulfide, it must be coming down slope.
9:28 Depth 1670 meters. Heading 187.
Continuing upslope. There is a rat tail fish off to the side. Water temperature is
4.6°C. Again, there is probably some basalt in this talus but I’m seeing quite a
few sulfide fragments, and I’m talking about large size pieces (on a meter scale).
153
9:29 Heading 195. Depth 1664 m. X 1750 Y 2402.
Again this rubble slope, but most of what is jutting out is sulfide, but very moth-
eaten sulfide. It is not even chimneys, not even sure it’s fallen down chimneys,
but pieces that appear to be more tabular, but with a relief of 1 to 2 meters. I’m
passing over extinct chimneys right now. They look very old, and they look
yellow orange but there is a sediment cover on everything.
We ’re at way point 2. So this is this nose. This nose is sulfide. Lets have a
look at this closely. I see chimneys on my side, I see some places where they
have broken off. I’m sitting over tabular like structures but with things that have
had chimneys broken off from them. Where you can see where the chimneys
used to be.
I don’t think that the seabeam map is quite right, because it is not quite flat here.
Discussion that there is a lot of iron oxide. Yves thinks it may be iron oxide
after sulfide. Not very flat here. We are going to the next point, which is X
1830 and Y 2200. It could be just iron oxides. Heading 158°.
9:33 Depth is 1657 m. Heading 154
We have still not found any fresh glass. Rather than sulfide, Yves thinks that
this is mostly an iron oxide deposit. We are continuing to our way point #3,
which is a heading of 154. We are continuing to come upslope, our depth is now
1657 m. So what was supposed to be a flat nose on the seabeam map has a
actually turned out not to be flat at all. And turned out to be a rubble pile of lot
of iron rich material, whether it is iron oxide or sulfide or iron oxide after
sulfide. The slope is probably at least 45° although it is difficult to tell from
here.
9:34 Depth 1652 m.
It would appear that I am starting to see the top of some feature off to the side or
at least of some leveling out in the slope. Underneath us I am continuing to see
some reddish brown sediment cover. I think what I am seeing off to the port
side, they are upright features. I believe they are extinct chimneys.
9:35 Depth is 1644 m. Heading 158.
We are continuing toward way point 3. It would seem that we are just coming
up over the top of this feature. There is a shark in the video and a small fish
over on the port side. While the bottom dropped away at 9:36 on the port side,
Pat says it is just a little rift and that we are then going to start going upslope.
9:37 I continue to see that a lot of the sediment underneath has hydrothermal
characteristics to it by its reddish brown color.
9:38 Heading 159. Depth 1637.
There’s a pretty sharp drop off again on the port side. I can’t tell if it is a linear
feature or not, I don’t think so. I think it is more of a pit.
154
9:39 Depth 1633 m. Heading 151.
The nature of the material under us has changed. It appears to be large blocks of
basalt (2 to 3 meter scale pieces). It is a rubble slope. It looks like these were
not quite pillows but were more the lobates that have broken off and fallen
downslope. They are more pillow like in characteristic than anything else.
Everything is again sediment covered. Sediment is not that thick on the outside
of the pillows but looks fairly deep in the interstices between them. It is
obviously a rubble slope. Turn off the color camera for this stuff.
9:41 Depth is 1615 m. Heading about 150.
Yves sees some fresher basalts on his side with no sediment cover on it. So we
are going to try and take a sample of it. These things are age 2 on Fomari
scale. This is not fresh, so not take a sample and keep going.
9:42 Most of the material does appear to have a reasonable amount of sediment cover
on it so we are going to continue upslope. This is more lobate toothpaste type
flows. Now up at the top these appear that they might be connected and be a
toothpaste-type ridge. This is all quite sediment covered.
9:43 Depth 1608 m. Heading 106.
Quite a bit of sediment in the water column and it does appear that this is a
constructional ridge, because I can travel along the edge of it on the port side.
9:44 X 1780 Y 2218. Depth 1604 m. heading 092.
Second promontory appears to be a toothpaste-type lava constructional feature.
9:46 Depth 1598 m. Heading of 100.
This last little ledge that we are coming over now is again talus but appears to be
smaller pieces and a lot of sediment in the interstices, making it a fairly smooth
feature.
Real exciting place, isn’t it?
9:47 We are at way point 3, and all it appears to be is probably basalt fragments that
are very heavily sediment covered. The whole area is sediment covered. There
is no hint at all of any fresh glass. This third promontory appears to be a
constructional feature of toothpaste-type materials. Where did that fresh glass
come from???
9:49 Heading 087. Depth 1609 m.
We are heading toward way point 4. We appear to be up on the top of a little
feature. Again everything is extremely heavily sediment coated.
9:49 Heading 082
If you see a good piece of rock that you can pick up Pat, why don’t we pick
something up for Charlie just to show him what this nose is and that there is
155
nothing like fresh glass here.
9:50 X 1871 Y 2218 Depth 1611 m. Heading about 181.
We are going to try to pick a piece of basalt in this area for Charlie just to show
him that there is no glass here and it is indeed heavily sediment covered. In fact
as we are start to do this out the port side it appears to me that there is again
either sulfide or hydrothermal staining on the sediment in this area and that there
is on this slope material. Even with the amount of rain here it can not be fresh,
even at the rate that the stuff is coming down it could not be covered this much.
9:52 See a small shrimp, about an inch long and bright red, out the port side.
9:53 Pat is having a problem finding a piece that is not 400 lbs so we are going up the
slope a little further.
9:55 X 1871 Y 2208 Depth 1608 m,
Pat collected a sample of basalt it was put in bin ft A, which is the middle one on
the port side. I am calling it sample 1. It is a basalt. It was collected at 9:54
our X was 1871 and our Y 2208 and our depth was 1608 m.
9:56 Heading 096. X 1892 Y 2216.
As we continue toward way point 4, we are again over really old material with a
sediment cover on it. It does appear that the amount of shell material is
increasing slightly.
9:57 X 1918. Y 2223
Still heading toward way point 4. It is so heavily sediment covered and there is
so much stuff in the water there is no point in having any light on at all.
10-12 m off the bottom.
SIDEB
...,5. Y 2233. depth 1625 m.
Since we are going down again, Pat has been increasing our depth slowly, we
were off the bottom for a little while.
10:00 Checking our fixes. The ages appear to be updating every 10 to 12 seconds.
And the fixes are pretty constant. It appears that we are getting good navigation.
10:01 Depth 1634 m. X 1964 Y 2238.
10:06 Depth 1662 m. Our heading is 083 X 2027 Y 2241.
We are heading toward way point 4 now. The bottom is heavily sediment
covered as you can see on the down-looking SIT which is going on the video
156
recorder and you can see pieces of talus sticking up out of it.
10:07 We are coming over a little bit of a constructional mound and then going back off
the other side. Again everything is extremely heavily sediment covered.
10:10 Depth 1680 m. X 2129 Y 2253 heading 055.
Again we are over very heavily sedimented bottom. Our depth is now 1681 m.
10:15 Depth 1716 m. X 2201 Y 2277. heading 078.
Continuing toward way point 4. I didn’t know what heavy sediment cover was
until I just saw this stuff. Its a total blanket. You can see very few pieces of
talus sticking out but it has some animal tracks it . It potentially looks somewhat
more reddish brown than just plain sediment might.
10:16 Depth 1720 m. Heading 079. X 2242 Y 2285
We are continuing toward way point 4. While the area is extremely heavily
sediment covered, there are pieces of talus on top of it. And to me some of the
sediment has a reddish brown tinge to it.
10:18 X 2264 Y 2290 Depth 1750 m. Heading 074,
Continuing over this sediment covered area, featureless. We ’re starting to come
upslope a little. It appears to me that the bottom is sloping up out toward the port
side.
10:19 X 2290 Y 2330 Depth 1712 m.
We have just reached way point 4 and we are going to head toward way point 5.
Again everything is totally sediment covered. There seems to be a little more
shell material here and the sediment cover does have in patches a reddish brown
tinge to it.
10:21 X 2307 Y 2317 Depth 1710 m. Heading 302,
We are heading toward the site with marker number 7. This area is extremely
extremely heavily sediment covered.
10:23 Depth 1715 m, X 2307 Y 2317 Heading 296.
Bottom is extremely heavily sediment covered. Every now and then you can see
some relatively flat features stick out through it . The sediment appears to have
some reddish brown hue to it. There are some fish around. The fish are may be
a foot an a half long, black in color.
10:24 Depth 1710 m. X 2316 Y 2315.
Pat sees that we are in a chimney area. Active? No. We are coming into an
area of more shell material and there is a lot of white shell material. Pat sees
some anhydrite. I can see something constructional off to this side, that again
has a lot more white on it. This is an active area, good. Not very active.
157
10:30 X 2193 Y 2327.
This is obviously a very extensive area with a lot of pyramidal shape mound type
things. It is hard to tell from the X Y if it is the same smokers as yesterday. It
is obviously in the same area. But we have not seen the temperature probe that
was supposed to be put out at one of those sites. We’ve found a black smoker that
we are going to mess around with. [Discussion of sampling slab material at base
of sulfide to determine if it is sulfide or indurated sediment.] [To way point 5:
bearing = 285, distance = 48 m.]
10:33 X 2202 Y 2369 Depth 1708 m.
We are in this area of black smokers. It’s is a very sort of pyramidal shaped
sulfide constructional feature. Pat has a black smoker in front of him and he is
going to take the temperature of it. It is on the ragged edge of being black.
10:45 Pat is finished taking a water sample. The green pair. We had a stable
temperature of 287 °C before he tripped it. We have quite a bit of good video of
it. It is a lot more vigorous than I thought it was going to be. He is going to the
other side to see if we can’t get a sample of the rock. In this general area there
appear to be mussels. I saw what I would call potentially a rat tail fish with a
sort of a pink snout. I see shrimp now. Sulfide is mostly reddish brown looking.
The mussels that are present appear to be ranging from a couple of cm to 2 to 3
inches in size. We are still at the same place. We have got some nice video of
it. Looking at the video, Yves was quite sure that it is chalcopyrite and the
temperature we had gotten was about 287°C. Pat was going to take another
temperature measurement, and then he saw another piece of chalcopyrite that he
thought he could grab pretty nicely so he is going to do that and put it in he
biobox with the first sample. And then we are going to try and take another
temperature measurement to make sure what the temperature of this orifice is.
[Deployed Marker 4 here.]
11:01 We are trying to drop down to the base of the feature where we just sampled the
water and the sample of the orifice to see if we can’t get some of the more platy
material that we don’t really know what it is. As we are dropping down it
appears to be that there are pieces of fallen down spire and there is more shell
on this one. There is a piece of chimney that looks like it has sort of Spanish
moss hanging off of it.
The slab to me look like they have little chimneys, just a few inches tall, around
the edges of them. And in this area there are also shrimp and I can see bacterial
coating on one of the rocks here that looks like a spider web with shrimp that
appear to be moving inside it. The slab is in the very back of the basket.
11:06 bottom water temperature 4.545 C. X 2204 Y 2370 Depth 1710 m.
Pat took a sample of the slab about 4 meters from where the chimney was,
toward the bottom [of the sulfide structure]. It is in the back of the basket in bin
#10. We have also just changed to the second video tape.
158
11:24 The stuff that we sampled: sulfide and water and took a temperature at. We tried
to use the electronic still camera as well but we are having problems with the
exposure. Now we going to continue on toward way point 5, which is where the
temperature probe and the marker are supposed to be. I can actually see some
fissures here but it might just be some slab sticking out a little bit. The area that
we are in is just a whole series of small mounds.
These are almost like onion domes, these guys here. They call them onion domes
up at TAG. There is a couple of markers up there, is that what we are after?
There should be one of Dan’s temperature probes. Do you want it back? We
just want to see what it looks like. I guess they were a little worried as to where
they put it yesterday, as to whether it would be stable enough for a year. Was it
standing upright? I don’t know. Well it is not anymore. Well it is stable, it is
not going anywhere. Can I take a look?
11:28 We have gone on to marker 7. We see marker 7 and the temperature probe and
it does appear to be stable where it is currently located.
11:31 X 2153 Y 2376 Depth 1707 m.
We saw the temperature probe that was deployed yesterday. It looks quite stable.
Where it is, there is a bunch of warm water coming up around it. So we are
going to leave this and head for way point 6 now.
11:34 We are going toward target 6, which is the Eiffel Tower. We are continuing
over a heavily sedimented bottom with pieces of talus of half a meter or smaller
in size. Everything is heavily sedimented. Some of the sediment cover appears
reddish brown. Again, I think most of what we are over is sulfide or at least
iron oxide. There are some shells intermixed. A few larger blockier pieces may
be up to a meter and a half in size.
11:35 X 2181 Y 2419. Heading 002.
It looks more like platier, slab like material, and it is sloping off away from the
port window, back a little bit into the direction in which we are going. We are
continuing to come up a slope, about a 30° slope. Actually if it is lava, it looks
like there was a little bit of a collapse here, we are coming up over some
sulfides. The area that we are looking for is supposed to have a smoker that is
about 20 meters high. There is no marker at it.
1 1:37 Pat says he saw a smoker. As we approach it we are coming up slope now onto
sulfide with essentially no sediment cover on it because it is at least a 60° slope.
Here and there is patches of light. There was a shark that swam through the
picture. Is that 20 meters?
11:43 X 2208 Y 2486. Depth 1693 m
Found a large block. We do not think it is the Eiffel Tower because the X Y
159
should be about 30 meters further away. This whole block seems to be an area
of warm water coming out. There is shrimp encrusting the outside of it. There
is one particular orifice that appears to be a more robust looking black smoker.
Before we make a decision whether or not to sample it, Pat is going to take the
temperature of it. This block is encrusted with more shrimp than I have seen
previously and also a lot of mussels. They are hiding what the shape of thE
feature is, although it looks more like a block than anything else.
12:12 X 2194 Y 2480
The feature that we have been sampling for the last little while is indeed what has
been called the Eiffel Tower. When we came around the other side of it, the XY
matched exactly. There is a number of large blocks here. One side of the
largest block is active, one side is relatively inactive. We are going to put the
marker on the top of the feature so that it is easier to see. r [ ^ \
12:53 X 2158 Y 2479 Depth 1656 m.
We are starting to move away from the Eiffel tower. We haven’t gotten a good
fix now in a little bit and it seems like we are out of the sulfide and right into a
wall that is . It is sort of hard to tell what this stuff is. Although, I think it is
basalt but there is a lot of sediment cover on it, and again some of it is sort of
reddish.
12:57 X 2143 (210371 Y 2474 Depth 1698 m.
Taking a sample of this pavement, which is indeed sulfide.
13:00 X 2096 Y 2476 Heading 006 Depth 1699 m.
We are traversing north trying to find the limit of the sulfide material. We are
still over a sulfide pavement, although perhaps about 10 m out my side I can see
that there is a pretty steep drop-off which may suggest that we are up on a mound
type feature.
13:01 Depth 1696 m. X 2101 Y 2512
There is almost a vertical drop-off on the port side.
13:03 Depth 1693 m. X 2110 Y 2557
We spotted the broken toilet the All threw overboard. There seems to be about a
10 m. drop-off right about below the port window. I can’t see what is out a
little further, there is too much stuff in the water. Based on the coloration and
some of the shadowing with the lights off I think it is still all sulfide.
13:04 X 2113 Y 2591
On the port side we’re still definitely over a hydrothermal pavement. May be
about 12 meters out this side I can see a fissure that runs parallel to the direction
we are driving. Everything is sediment covered but the sediment has staining on
it. Actually the fissure that is off to my side looks like it has broken up the
pavement. Mostly I can see it is there by relief, I can’t see far enough into it.
160
13:05 Depth 1683 m.
Again we are running into a whole lot of sulfide material. Pat sees a chimney
structures in front of him, extinct. We seem to be climbing a bit. Time to
change the video tape.
13:09 Heading 356 X 2112 Y 2680 Depth 1672 m.
We are still going north. We are still over a totally sulfide terrain, now and then
we come into extinct sulfides. Pat says now he sees a pillow flow in front of us.
Depth 1668 m, X 2113 Y 2695
We are into a pillow flow, but there are sulfides mixed in and there is sulfide
sediment. In fact it looks like it is mostly sulfide to me. Now we have gone
over a little mound of it and bottom is dropping down again.
13:11 X 2110 Y 2745
We are turning to head west to go west about 100 meters, and then we will head
south to try and see what the extent of the sulfides is. We are running out of
power here soon. Maybe a half hour.
13:18 X 2041 Y 2772 Depth 1717 m.
We are heading west, so we can then make some more transects. I am still on
sulfides.
13:20 X 1998 Y 2774
Yves thinks he sees active areas. There is a lot of white material. White
pancakey type things, white platy structures, white chimneys. Diffuse flow and
mussels present.
A nice black smoker.
13:23 We have another active black smoker that is 8 -10 m high.
13:28 X 2004 Y 2800
We have a beautiful black smoker. It has a stable temperature of 327°s. We
have no water sampling bottles left so we are not taking any samples of it.
13:38 [Leaving bottom]
161
DIVE REPORT
TIME DEPTH X Y HEADING SEDIMENT COVERAGE
1734 1765 2623
Wall of pillow. Some shell at the base. Vertical plan covered with sediments. Some
fragments of shells. One shark lm long. No recent tectonic activity. Talus and wall are
covered with sediments.
9 15 1729 1760 2622 185
Talus along the wall indurated, some yellow patches. Sediment coverage. White
patches in the talus indicate old low temperature circulation.
9 16 Small canyon of talus. Talus with less sediment coverage.
9 18 1722
Starting to come up along the wall, massive lava, sediment coverage. White debris
along this vertical steps. Important sediment coverage near the top. Slope is less steep.
9 20 1706
50% Small canyon in the vertical slope. Sediment 50%. Big lobated lava buried in
the sediment.
9 22 1698 1761 2524 198
10%Small zone (2-3m across) with oxidised sulfide chimney (0.5 to lm high).
On the eastern flank of the canyon (about 30m wide). Near this sulfide zone large
brecciated pillows with very slight sediment coverage. No visible faults but no outcrop of
lava. Near the top of the canyon are sheeted lava, massive lava flows up to lm thick. They
are broken in big blocks up to 10 m wide. Surface very flat, no visible pillows. Some
white colours in the canyon. Slope is about 40
9 25 1682 1760 2494
Near the top of the lava flows.
9 26 1678 1759 2478 190.
50-80%Sediment more important on the bottom of the canyon. Brecciated lava no
outcrop. Very old lava, and no indication of recent lava flows. Lobated lava covered with
sediments, diameter about one meter. Some shell in the bottom of small depression.
9 29 1664 1755 2425 194
50%Lobated lava covered with sediments. Locally lava are scoriaceous and more
tectonized. Some debris of sulfides.
1661
100% At the top of the first volcanic Apron (see map). Sediment coverage and
slabs of iron oxides indicating low temperature venting on a relatively flat area, no faults
are visible. Near is an important zone of iron oxides, but no indications of sulfides. These
sulfides probably result of primary Fe oxides precipitates related to low temperature
venting.
9 34 1654 1752 2385 162
Coming upslope. Some vertical chimneys up to 1 m high constituted of red brown
iron oxide. Brown colours on the sediment. One shark.
162
Area of tectonized lava, very slight sediment coverage. The tectonic activity is more recent
than in the others areas seen during the first part of the dive. No evidence of lobate lava,
massive lava only. Some concretions of ochre colour.
9 38 1636 1751 2321 150
40%Coming upslope, large blocks of lobated flows. Very regular slope. Small
canyons, with talus of lobated lava. Broken shells on sediment. Lobated lava, white
sediment coverage.
9 39
40%Lobated lava, metric blocks. White sediments no indications of hydrothermal
product. Some sheeted lava.
9 40 1624 1754 2261 137
5% Wall of lobated lava, very few sediments between the lava. One dead coral
covered with Mn. Small canyon of lobated lava, not tectonized. No fresh glass, but clearly
the freshest and the less tectonized lava we have seen from the beginning of the dive.
9 41 1615 1759 2244 153
<5%Zone of recent lava, but not fresh. Lava tubes running along the slope, pillow
lava. No Broken lava.Lobated lava, and pillows, very few sediments. Some living white
corals. Lava tubes, not tectonized.
1605 119
<5%Near a wall of tectonized wall perpendicular to the Heading. 1605m water
depth at the base of the wall. Top of the wall 1601m. Top of the wall recent lava, lobated
flows, no sediment coverage.
9h46 1597 1810 2208 90
10-20%Boulders of broken lobated lava 10-20% sediment coverage in interstices
between the lobes. Very few outcrops of undisturbed lava.
9h47 1600 1820 2204
50-60%We are on the second "volcanic apron" on the northern flank of the
southern volcano. Relatively flat area. No hydrothermal indication. Some shell debris on
the sediment.
9h49 1609 1841 2207 78
50-80%Flat area, decimetric blocs of brecciated lava, no outcrops, some shell
fragments. .9h50 1610 1871 2212 50% Sample rock n 1. The surface
of all the rocks have centimetre sized protuberances. They seems to be cemented by Mn
coating. On board these samples show centimetric feldspath phenocrysts. No fresh lava.
9 56 1607 1879 2213 76
Talus of scoriaceous lava, no outcrop.
9 57 68
Regular slope about 40 , on the eastern flank of the volcano.
10 00 1625 1935 2233 71
Going down in water on the eastern flank of the volcano.
10 01 1636
163
30-40%.Talus of lava. Coverage of white sediment.
10 06 1662 2027 2241 80
80%At the base of the volcano. Coverage of sediments, small ridge of old indurated
(?) talus. Metric block of lobated lava.
10 09 1677 2039 2251 83
50% Isolated blocs of Lobated lava covered with sediments.
10 14 1712 2195 2274 74
100% White sediment, 3 Holoturides. Some flat lava. No recent tectonic, coverage
of sediments seems relatively thick. Some isolated shrimps; some very small shell
fragments.
10 16 1719 2242 2285 79
100%Some lobated lava under the sediments.
10 18 1715 70
100% White homogeneous sediments. Some isolated shell fragment. Regular slope
20 .
10 19 1711 2299 2300 292
95%Change heading to move towards the active sites. White sediments, very few
pillows under the sediment. Some shell fragments. Ripple marks perpendicular to the
heading (292) and to the slope. No indication of tectonic activity. No indication of
hydrothermal activity.
10 22 1714 290
100%. Small cracks in the sediments perpendicular to our direction. Small normal
faults. Some shell fragments on the sediments. More lava blocks under the sediments.
Regular gentle slope about 20 . Some hydrothermal concretion on the sediments. Shell
fragments more abundant. Small cracks with Mn deposit. Small mound of sulfide with
three active chimneys. Numerous broken hydrothermal slabs (ochre colour at their surface)
at the base of the mound which is about 20 in diameter. Numerous broken shells. And
living mussels in the cracks between the slabs, and on the chimneys. Thickness of the slab
is about 10 cm.
10 25 1708 2206 2377
On the first active site. Small talus of massive sulfide with a slope of about 45 .
Chimneys are on the side near the base and at the top of the mound (about 5m high). The
fluids are clear with some black coloration at about 10cm above the vent. Mussels are very
abundant. Mussels and active part of chimneys are white coloured (bacterial mats?). At the
back of the first mound other small sulfidic mounds, up to several meters high, are visible.
Inactive part of chimneys are dark brown (Fe-Mn oxides) and mussels are generally dead.
289 C is measured on the smoker (x:2201, y:2370).
10 46 1708
Water sample n 1 in the green bottle. 289 C. Chimney too soft to be sampled.
10 55
Rock sample n 2, (2608 2 1) collected near the active chimney were water sample
was taken. Active part of the chimney with continuous chalcopyrite precipitate at the inner
164
part of the conduit and anhydrite at the outer part. Many shrimps are very close to the hot
fluid vent.
11 16 1709
Sampling of a slab at about 4 m of the base of the sulfidic mound. Rock sample n 3
(2068 2 2). The Slab was very hard, numerous dead mussels in this environment. Marker
n 4 is deployed on this site near the active vent.
11 24 1706 2207 2359
Leaving the site to search for marker 7 where high temperature probe is deployed.
The second mound is at about 50m from the first mound. In this area four mounds of about
20 in diameter are seen.
11 28 1700 2162 2374 330
Marker 7, temperature probe is at about one meter of marker 7. Small yellow rope
about 2m long is above the temperature probe.
11 33 1705 2171 2392 58
Moving to the next site, sediments and hydrothermal slabs near the sulfidic mound,
small fissures in the slabs. May shell fragments.
11 35
Small wall in the basalt, a few meters high. Coming up along a regular slope,
arriving on a new active site.
11 36 1704 2189 2461
On the active site, same morphology of the other. Slab at the base. The mound is
made of sulfidic boulders with chimneys at the top. This mound is bigger than the others,
about 30m at the base and 20 high. Chimneys at the top are active and white coloured. On
flank is a black smoker with a high flow rate.
1 1 39 1687 2202 2480Top of this site "Eiffel Tower".
11 43 1693
Temperature measurement on the black smoker on the flank of the ridge. Numerous
area with diffusing water and important population of mussels, shrimps and crabs, many
big fishes. Size of mussels vary between a few centimetres to about 20 cm. The size of
mussels seems to be related to the importance of diffusing water. Numerous bacterial
filaments on the inactive area. First temperature measurement stable at 314 C.
11 59 1694
Sampling hydrothermal water bottle n 1. and corresponding chimney (2608 3 3) On
this site,
12 05 1694
New temperature measurement at about 5 m of the previous vent. Sampling
hydrothermal water and corresponding chimney (2608 3 4)
12 14 1685 2199 2484
Deploying marker five at the top of the Eiffel Tower. At the top two populations of
mussels one of big shells (>10 cm) the second one has only centimetre sized shells. Both
are on active area of diffusing water.
12 42 1700 2200 2466
Sample rock slab at the foot of the Eiffel tower.
12 43 1698 2101 2476
Small wall in the basalt, and a small inactive mound at the top of this wall. A few
meters in diameter and a few meters high. Ochre colour at the top indicates the presence of
oxidised sulfides. Small cracks with black Mn precipitates, and ochre colour underneath.
13 00 1699 2096 2476 000
Ochre crust of Fe/Mn deposits. Black Mn deposits along cracks. Regular slope.
13 01 1695 2102 2518
Inactive mound. Sample 2608 4 1
13 02
Recent talus of basalt , no sediment coverage. Some dead corals. A small valley
(circular depression with some hydrothermal ochre deposits. Some shell fragments. Some
Ochre deposits in this depression.
13 04 1687 2113 2595 015
Flat area covered with sediments, numerous shells, small cracks showing ochre
colour under the sediments. Coming upslope slabs and hydrothermal ochre precipitates are
abundant and numerous dead shells are visible. Abundant particles in the water.
2112 2631
Small active mound with diffusing water. Some inactive chimneys at the top , one
to 2 m high.
13 09 1672 2114 2665
Regular slope of brown slab near a small mound. Very close are broken pillows at
the base of a wall made of big pillows and lobated lava. Numerous blocks of oxidised
sulfides, tectonized mound ?.
13 11 2110 2745
Moving westwards for about 100m to see, were is the limit of the sulfide.
13 18 2035 2771 271
Steep slope on right side, too high to identify rock on the bottom.
13 20 2005 2774 265
Relatively high above the bottom. Numerous white patches, basaltic talus, small
white chimneys and ochre sediments. Diffusion on large surfaces, numerous mussels along
the cracks of the basalt. Small sulfide mounds with active chimneys.
13 23 1728 2372 2721
On a new active site. One very active black smoker.
13 28 2004 2800
Temperature of black smoker 327 C. The plume over the smoker is more coloured
than on the other sites. Sampling a piece of the active part of the chimney. Sample n 2068
5 1
APPENDIX 3
166
Dredge log
Time Lat Lat'
GMT °N
STATION ID
20
40
37
17.41
20
49
37
17.39
20
51
37
17.36
20
52
37
17.35
21
10
21
25
37
17.96
21
30
37 18. 17
22
01
37
17.69
22
10
37
17.72
22
18
37
17.79
22
27
37
17.89
22
33
37
17.95
22
45
37
17.99
22
48
37
17.93
22
58
37
17.75
23
09
37
17.72
-2350
STATION ID
210
37
18.03
37
17.95
37
17.45
240
37
17.37
37
17.22
316
37
16.89
322
400
37
16.77
Lon
Long*
Depth
Wire
°W
meters
Out
A129-
-6-D1
32
16.572
1700
0
32
16.51
1 50
32
16.47
250
32
16.44
16.1
32
16.79
1000
32
16.7
32
16.55
1659
1365
32
16.65
1630
32
16.77
171 6
1730
32
16.84
1653
1775
32
16.95
1750
32
16.79
1640
1650
32
16.74
1702
32
16.97
1584
1 707
32
17.25
1630
A129
-6-D2
32
16.517
0
32
16.529
1 50
32
16.84
32
16.814
32
16.814
1634
1886
32
16.863
1592
1 800
32
16.899
1580
Comments (weather, etc.)
29 May 93
In water
Pinger On
Relay On
going down
stopped winch
position terrible
coming in
changing target
still off but trying
on bottom
depth reading
off bottom to re-position
new heading
on bottom
on sumit last haul
off bottom
on deck
30-May-93
dredge in water
pinger on
took over winch
on bottom
depth check
depth check
off bottom
on deck
STATION ID
A129
-6-D3
6/1 /9 3
213
37
20.08
32
17.213
0
dredge in water
215
37
20.09
32
17.191
1 50
pinger on
219
37
20.12
32
17.22
going down
227
37
20.17
32
17.208
1975
-800
243
37
20.09
32
17.3
1 828
taking over winch
246
37
20.1 1
32
17.312
1980
on bottom
325
37
19.51
32
17.302
1938
21 1 4
lost PDR trace
332
37
19.34
32
17.304
1998
way off bottom
-415
on deck
Dredge log
167
Time
Lat
Laf
Lon
Long'
GMT
N
°W
STATION ID
A129
-6-D4
1935
37
17.42
32
19.455
1939
37
17.44
32
19.505
1 944
37
17.37
32
19.536
2007
2014
37
17.04
32
19.377
2025
37
16.95
32
19.291
2028
2033
37
19.92
32
19.293
2046
37
16.84
32
19.324
2050
37
16.81
32
19.335
2123
37
16.31
32
18.959
STATION ID
A129
-6-D5
153
37
1 1 .91
32
21.17
225
37
1 1 .82
32
20.966
250
37
1 1 .22
32
20.972
520
37
1 1 .74
32
20.921
607
Depth
Wire
Comments (weather, etc.)
meters
Out
6/1 / 9 3
2020
0
in water
150
pinger on
going down
took winch control
2090
on bottom
1980
2144
depth check
bad GPS window
2120
bites
2000
off bottom
1900
end winch control
on surface
6/2/93
in water
2380
on bottom
no LSR trace
hung up on bottom
2320
off bottom
dredge broken off
APPENDIX 4
Rock core log
Stn.
Date Time
Lat
Lat'
Lon
Long'
Depth
Wire COMMENTS
GMT
°N
°W
meters
Out
RC1
30-May 4 2
37
17.94
32
16.461
1690
0 in water
51
stopped winch to get to west
1 07
37
17.93
32
16.588
1748 hit
1 23
37
18.07
32
16.252
0 on deck
RC2
30-May 454
37
17.2
32
17.602
1 790
0 in water
508
37
17.1 1
32
17.353
1794
1823 hit
528
on deck
RC3
31 -May 311
37
17.23
32
17.399
1 00 ship not in position
328
37
16.9
32
17.855
600 starting down again
330
37
16.92
32
17.955
822 stopped, wire inboard
335
37
16.97
32
17.83
822 down again
342
37
16.79
32
17.949
1864
1817 off bottom 1 840 m w/o
400
on deck
RC04
31-May 426
37
17.65
32
17.633
1780
going down
439
37
17.53
32
17.81 1
1777
1 800 hit
455
on board
RC05
31-May 521
37
18.62
32
17.427
0 going down
534
37
18.39
32
17.618
1 886 hit
549
on deck
RC06
31-May 1706
37
16.64
32
18.43
-1900
0 in water
37
16.65
32
18.453
1 849
1985 hit
1 748
on deck
RC07
31-May 1819
37
16.93
32
18.184
-1800
0 in water
37
16.94
32
18.316
1813 hit
1853
on deck
RC08
31-May 1924
37
18.34
32
18.094
-1650
0 in water
1936
37
18.21
32
18.219
1644 hit
-2000
on deck
RC09
31-May 2028
37
19.01
32
18.105
-1600
0 in water
2040
37
18.91
32
18.161
1662 hit
-2058
on deck
RC10
31-May 21 1 8
37
19.82
32
17.617
-1810
0 in water
2131
37
19.96
32
17.637
1950 hit
2151 on deck
168
RC1 1
1-Jun 35
37
17.5
32
55
37
17.54
32
1 09
37
17.52
32
RC12
1-Jun 503
37
20.1 1
32
518
37
20.04
32
RC13
1-Jun 2350
37
14.72
32
37
14.71
32
RC14
2-Jun 106
37
14.21
32
125
37
13.85
32
RC15
2-Jun 230
37
1 1.63
32
249
37
1 1 .5
32
RC16
2-Jun 345
37
9.64
32
41 1
37
9.71
32
431
37
9.38
32
RC17
2-Jun 452
37
9.79
32
51 1
37
9.545
32
37
8.91
32
RC18
2-Jun 1708
37
16.31
32
1723
37
16.11
32
RC19
2-Jun 1810
37
15.05
32
1 838
37
14.51
32
1850
37
14.16
32
RC20
2-Jun 1922
37
15.63
32
1938
37
15.39
32
2000
37
15.15
32
RC21
2-Jun 2024
37
13.1
32
2051
37
12.94
32
211 0
37
12.71
32
Rock core log
17.401 -1810
0 in water
4 1 8 stopped winch
17.601
going down
17.292
1850 hit
on deck
17.948 -1760
0 in water
18.01
1810 hit
on deck
19.1 1 -2080
0 in water
18.94
2160 hit
on deck
16.901 -2060
0 in water
16.49
2171 hit
on deck
19.535 -2360
0 in water
19.28
2385 hit
on deck
20.52 -2580
0 in water
20.36
251 9 hit
19.91
on deck
20.31 -2560
0 in water
20.057
2576 hit
19.8
on deck
18.795 -I960
0 in water
18.62
191 1 hit
on deck
16.694 -1940
0 in water
16.89
2106 hit
17.031
on deck
18.78 -2020
0 in water
18.84
2060 hit
18.86
on deck
17.9 -2200
0 in water
18.06
2259 hit
18.33
on deck
Rock core log
170
RC22
2-Jun
2141
37
13.54
32
19.74 -2100
0 in water
2159
37
13.34
32
19.868
2308 hit
221 7
37
13.12
32
20.24
on deck
RC23
2-Jun
2242
37
1 1 .69
32
18.59 -2400
0 in water
2300
37
1 1 .4
32
18.49
2425 hit
2330
37
10.89
32
18.66
on deck
RC24
2-Jun
2351
37
1 1 .91
32
20.079 -2340
0 in water
1 1
37
1 1 .52
32
20.04
2384 hit
40
37
10.81
32
20.53
lost rock corer
FF01
31-May 1037
37
17.6
32
15.512
released
1111
37
17.58
32
15.308
recovered
FF02
31-May 181 1
1900
37
16.93
32
18.326
released
recovered
FF03
1-Jun 1 804
37
17.15
32
16.755
released
1857
37
17.3
32
16.658
recovered
FF04
1 -Jun 1 809
37
17.21
32
16.765
released
1857
37
17.3
32
16.658
recovered
APPENDIX 5
1
Camera log
Time
Lat
Long
Depth
Wire
COG
SOG Comments
GMT
oN
oW
meters
out
knots
STATION ID
A129-6-CAM1
31-May
1902
37
18.632
32
17.457 1820
0
between in water and pinger o
1915
37
18.533
32
17.347
1923
37
18.406
32
17.317
173.1
1934
37
18.554
32
17.303
1944
37
18.604
32
17.253
16.9
1947
37
18.634
32
17.259
1792
coming around to start tow
1953
37
18.517
32
17.206
256
2003
37
18.47
32
17.232
231
2013
37
18.327
32
17.343
209
2.1 wire straight up & down
2023
37
18.257
32
17.425
314
0.8
2033
37
18.198
32
17.526
214.8
1.6
2040
37
18.097
32
17.492
1 832
152
1.8
2050
37
17.895
32
17.398
1816
217
0.4
2100
37
17.778
32
17.59
1776
221 .9
2.6
2110
37
17.618
32
17.613
1787
95
1.1
21 1 1
coming up, change pen on LSF
2113
1759
21 1 5
1747
21 1 7
no response to winch control
2020
37
17.504
32
17.699
1748
1 96
0.9 no response to winch control
2021
engine room no winch control
2030
37
17.33
32
17.634
1749
1 10.8
2.4 pinger okay, no winch
2140
37
17.216
32
17.53
1748
68.5
1 .6 no winch control
2141
control back, blew 2nd fuse
2150
37
17.261
32
17.367
1739
324
0.5 no winch control
2200
37
17.151
32
17.298
1625
126.9
2.1 payng out
2207
1710
camera on bottom
2210
37
17.03
32
17.322
1695
285
1 .4
2220
37
16.99
32
17.617
1751
273
0.2 trying to recover ground
2230
37
17.14
32
17.601
1756
327
0.6 wire tending aft
2240
37
17.196
32
17.292
1824
145
3.3
2250
37
16.99
32
17.1 96
1 806
1 92
1
2252
1746
no bottom trace
2300
37
17.026
32
17.277
1655
260
0.8
2310
37
16.962
32
17.39
1682
1 28
0.2
2320
37
16.971
32
17.559
1734
264
1 .4
2330
37
17.065
32
17.676
1747
298
1.3
2340
37
17.127
32
17.703
1764
1 1 .6
2.4 wire tending aft
2344
tracking NE due to wind
2350
37
17.352
32
17.647
1829
20.4
3.2
2357
1 10 SE turn
172
Camera log
0
37
17.624
32
17.596
1902
32.6
2.7 good wire angle
1 1
37
17.713
32
17.098
1943
1 15.9
2.4
20
37
17.406
32
17.782
1928
173.6
2 trouble w/ bottom trace
30
37
17.134
32
16.717
1820
220
2
40
37
16.955
32
16.937
1778
250.1
0.4
50
37
16.718
32
17.132
1553
1 89
1 .6
100
37
16.555
32
17.318
1400
221
1.6
1 03 camera coming up, no bottom
has been off bottom 15-20 m
159 on deck
NEWSWEEK INTERNATIONAL NEWSMAGAZINE
julv 5Tl?9.QZI^
,<? »/. .• •
Alvin plunges into the sea, Foster (inset) inside the passenger sphere exploring the hot springs at Lucky Strike
Destination:
Lucky Strike
A trip on the deep-diving vessel Alvin, in
pursuit of the wonders of the ocean floor
By Tony Emerson
The hatch closes overhead. Pilot Dudley
Foster and two passengers crouch inside Al¬
vin, the world’s oldest deep-diving submarine.
Acraneon the mother ship, Atlantis II, hoists
the tiny sub off the deck and lowers it into the
Atlantic swells, 1,600 kilometers off the coast
of Portugal. Foster radios to the mission con¬
troller in Top Lab, "Oxygen is running.
Scrubber is on. . . . Permission to dive. " The
radio crackles: "Clear to dive when ready. ”
Ballast tanks fill with water, and Alvin starts
to sink. By 300 meters sunlight fades to abso¬
lute black. In the faint white glow of Alvin 's
interior lights, "marine snow" — detritus
drifting down from the sunlit realm — seems to
race upward past the window, creating an
illusion of rapid descent. In fact we are drop¬
ping slowh — 31 meters per minute — toward
our target, Lucky Strike, a newly discovered
field of hot springs and biza rre l ifc forms at the
bottom of the ocean.
in 1977 Alvin found the first deep-sea
hydrothermal vents — Clambake and
The Garden of Eden — off the Galapagos
Islands, home to tube worms three meters
long, lobsters with teeth on their eyelids
and other unique creatures. Since that dis¬
covery, one of the most remarkable in 20th-
century oceanography, Alvin has been hop¬
ping from one hot-vent site to another. Gen¬
esis, the Hole to Hell, Godzilla: the names
capture the strangeness of vents, which are
now believed to spring up all along the
88,000-kilometer Mid-Ocean Ridge, the
geological "wound” formed where conti¬
nental plates pull apart, releasing hot mag¬
ma from deep inside the earth.
Sea water seeps into the sea floor, heats
up near chambers of magma and rushes
back up to the ocean floor, where it deposits
minerals in mounds and "black smoker”
chimneys — some a meter wide and 30 me¬
ters high. Spewing water as hot as 400
degrees Celsius, the springs sustain com¬
munities of strange species, 90 percent of
them previously unknown to science. The
creatures include clams and mussels up to
20 centimeters across that thrive in a pitch-
dark and highly toxic world that would kill
normal sea animals. "Can you imagine
coming upon this for the first time?” said
Alvin expedition leader Larry Shumaker.
"It’s Alice in Wonderland.”
Alvin reaches bottom, 1,694 meters under
the sea. Green running lights carve a dim arc
of illumination, perhaps 20 meters deep, out
of the blackness. The bottom of the ocean
snaps into focus: "snow" is swirling over a
stretch of white sediment laced with blobsand
strings of volcanic rock.
Thrusters engaged. Alvin glides across this
ROD IWTANAI’H W< x >DS H( >I.E iX'E.\N< x '.KAI’HK INSTIT1 TK >N
JAUH'KS M ( T1KNET NEWSWEEK 1 1 NSKT1
41
desolate bottomscape before coming to a stop
at — what? The starboard porthole offers only
a close-up of a large boulder. But Alvin’s
video screen shows the pilot’s forward view. A
mound of brown, yellow and rust-colored sul¬
fide topped by rock spires oozes hot, shimmer¬
ing water like clear syrup. Brown forms drip
like stalactites from an overhanging ledge
that teems with life — mats of white bacteria,
yellow mussels, pink and orange sea urchins,
and translucent shrimp. A few fish, perhaps
predators stalking the hot spring, hover
nearby.
‘Window on the past’: Before the discovery
of the Galapagos hot vents, scientists
thought all animal life required sunlight,
which is trapped by plants and trans¬
formed into energy — food — for animals.
But in the deep sea, there is no sunlight. At
hot springs, which have been described as a
"parallel system” of life, volcanic heat is
trapped in sulfur and other natural gases,
and transformed by chemosynthetic bacte¬
ria into food for animals. The giant tube
worms, for example, which so far are
known only in the Pacific, have no mouth,
no gut, no anus; they live by nurturing and
then devouring a colony of chemosynthetic
bacteria trapped in their insides. This nov¬
el food chain has probably been evolving
since the continents began breaking apart,
and biologists have found a growing num¬
ber of vent creatures, including barnacles
and snaillike animals that represent "liv¬
ing fossils” from before the age of the dino¬
saurs. "The vents are a window on the
past,” says William Newman, a biologist at
the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in
California. "It’s like watching the dino¬
saurs come alive, and this is only the tip of
the iceberg.”
During the Lucky Strike expedition, sci¬
entists from the United States, France and
Portugal eagerly waited for Alvin to bob to
the surface each afternoon with the latest
samples from this "parallel system.” It
brought up titanium canisters full of sul¬
fur-rich water that smelled like rotten
eggs. Some of the black smoker chimneys
were coated on the inside with chalcopy-
rite, a mineral that gleams like gold se¬
quins. Each sample was a piece of the larger
puzzle. What are the scientific principles
that govern the formation of vents? How
does the flow of water and heat at a vent site
combine to make it geologically, chemical¬
ly and biologically unique, yet also part of
the global vent system? And how, ultimate¬
ly, does the global system work? Answers
are a long way off; Lucky Strike is only the
15th vent field to be explored, and it is
distinct from all the others. The shrimp
and mussels — which cover Lucky Strike by
the millions — include two new species
found nowhere else in the world. " This is an
environment — volcanic and methane-
rich — that is not unlike the environments
on Europa or Io,” says Foster, referring to
the moons of Jupiter. "There is the poten¬
tial here for studying life on other planets. ”
Miniature volcanoes: Our mission is to ex¬
plore and find the outer limit of Lucky Strike.
Alvin’s manipulator arms are working like
the forelegs of a praying mantis, grabbing
rocks, filling water bottles, capturing squirm¬
ing specimens with their pincer-like hands.
Foster, an Alvin pilot for 21 years, maneuvers
the starboard arm by touch-typing with one
hand on a set of toggle switches. Over the next
four hours, Alvin travels about one kilometer,
gliding past huge mounds and meter-high
smokers that look like miniature volcanoes.
Inside the two-meter sphere that serves as a
passenger cabin, a carbon dioxide scrubber
drones steadily, maintaining dank but
breathable air. A solitary deep-sea fish floats
languidly by. The water outside is 4 degrees
A Global String of Hot Geysers
Lucky Strike is the most recently discovered of the hot springs, which are believed to exist
all along the 88,000-kilometer Mid-Ocean Ridge
East Pacific •
Rise a
paO'
v • Hydrothermal vents
. . . . that have been located
. rzmmmmmz'. ■■ . _
SOURCE: VERENA TUNNICLIFFE. UNIV OF VICTORIA
42
NEWSWEEK JULY 5. 1993
Celsius, and the inside of the two- inch titani¬
um hull is sweating cold droplets. We arrive
at the 21-meter Eiffel Tower. It is gushing
black ’’smoke” from all sides, someofitashot
as 324 degrees Celsius. Within a few centime¬
ters of the starboard porthole, shrimp and
crabs scurry over rocks teeming with mussels,
as if their metabolisms were revved up by the
shimmering hot water.
Originally, the Atlantic was seen as an
unlikely harbor for hot springs because its
floor is spreading more slowly than the
Pacific's and releasing less volcanic heat.
Vent fields, typically no larger than a city
block, are isolated oases on a barren deep-
sea floor and are extremely difficult to find.
In 1986, after a nine-year search, scientists
traced heat anomalies in the water and
other clues to the first Atlantic vent sites: a
mound the size of a soccer stadium 2,900
kilometers east of Miami, crowned with
black smokers and swarming with eyeless
shrimp; and, about 400 kilometers away,
the Snake Pit, where thousands of eellike
fish slither through a field of black smok¬
ers. It took six years to find the next solid
clue to an Atlantic site. Last fall Charles
Langmuir, a geologist at the Lamont-Do-
herty Earth Observatory in New Y ork, was
dredging for rock samples from the Atlan¬
tis II when he hauled up a black smoker
chimney covered with mussels and other
vent creatures. Langmuir called the seren¬
dipitous discovery Lucky Strike.
Langmuir returned in late May with Al¬
vin, which is owned by the U.S. Navy but
operated by the Woods Hole Oceanograph¬
ic Institute in Massachusetts. But he had
just six daylong dives to pinpoint the site.
His strategy was to follow the track of his
original dredge, no easy trick in the pitch-
black depths. The first day was a fiasco.
Dive one was aborted with electrical trou¬
ble. Technicians recovered Alvin, slapped
two condoms on leaking connectors and
had the sub back in the water in 90 min¬
utes. "It may look rinky-dink,” said techni¬
cian David Lovalvo, "but you’d be sur¬
prised by the quick fixes we have to come up
with out here in the middle of nowhere.”
The search was cut short again when a
shark swam into one of Alvin's thrusters on
dive two. Anxiety was starting to set in
aboard the Atlantis when Langmuir found
the site late the next day. (Sonar maps
would show that Langmuir had twice
passed within 100 meters of black smokers
before gliding up to a shimmering mound,
later named the Statue of Liberty.) The
scientists aboard the Atlantis II celebrated,
happy and relieved. Maybe,” said French
biologist Daniel Desbruyeres, " we will find
tube worms and pink elephants.”
Mussels mystery: Four days later, Lang¬
muir and his party had found seven differ¬
ent hot springs at Lucky Strike. They were
spread over an area of nearly 15 acres on
the side of a small seamount, making
Lucky Strike the broadest of the Atlantic
vent fields. Next year France will bring its
deep-diving submarine, the Nautile, to
Lucky Strike to continue the search for the
field's outer boundaries and for answers to
a host of questions about vents in general.
Why is Lucky Strike dominated by millions
of mussels, when its Atlantic neighbors are
mostly populated by snakelike fish or eye¬
less shrimp? How have these species sur¬
vived for eons, when individual hot springs
may last only decades? And how did mus¬
sels and other vent creatures, which ap¬
pear at isolated vents on opposite sides of
the world, get from the Pacific to the Atlan¬
tic? One possibility is that vent larvae trav¬
el from vent to vent, using them as
steppingstones along the Mid-Ocean Ridge.
Langmuir and his European colleagues
hope to begin answering these questions by
setting up a permanent sea-floor observa¬
tory equipped with video, temperature,
seismographic and other recorders at
Lucky Strike. The mysteries of hot springs
will take decades to unravel. "It’s better,”
says Langmuir, "that the story is open-
ended.”
Foster is about to push into virgin territory
when Top Lab radios down: wind 30 to 35
knots, barometer falling. It’s "time to think
about surfacing. ” Foster calmly drops ballast
and Alvin floats — slowly, slowly — to the sur¬
face, where 15- to 18- foot swells rock us like
three kids in a barrel. Foster barks directions
through a radio to guide swimmers struggling
to fix Alvin to its tether. The passengers slump
against the pressure hull, fighting off seasick¬
ness. Finally, there is a jolt. Alvin heaves out
of the water and swings onto the deck of
Atlantis II. Top Lab radios, "Nice landing.”
Later, a still-woozy passenger has a look at
the Alvin User's Manual, which notes, ” the
probability of a successful launch or recover v
is low when the wind is above 25 knots. ” ■
PHOTOS WOODS HOI.KOTKANOOKAPHIC INSTI I l TION (2)
43
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